Literature

Robert DiYanni is Professor of English at Pace University, Pleasantville, New York, where he teaches courses in literature, writing, and humanities. He has also taught at Queens College of the City University of New York, at New York University in the Graduate Rhetoric Program, and most recently in the Expository Writing Program at Harvard University. He received his B.A. from Rutgers University (1968) and his Ph.D. from the City University of New York (1976). Robert DiYanni has written articles and reviews on various aspects of literature, composition, and pedagogy. His books include Literature: Reading, Fiction, Poetry, Drama and the Essay; The McGraw-Hill Book of Poetry; Women's Voices; Like Season'd Timber: New Essays on George Herbert; and Modern American Poets: Their Voices and Visions (a text to accompany the Annenberg-funded telecourse, Voices and Visions). With Kraft Rompf, he edited The McGraw-Hill Book of Poetry, (1993) and The McGraw-Hill Book of Fiction (1995). With Pat Hoy, he edited Encounters: Readings for Inquiry and Argument (1997).

INTRODUCTION: READING (AND WRITING ABOUT) LITERATURE Reading Literature The Pleasures of Reading Literature The Pleasures of Fiction The Dog and the Shadow Learning to Be Silent *Reading the Parable in Context The Pleasures of Poetry Robert Frost, Dust of Snow *Reading Frost's poem in Context The Pleasures of Drama Understanding Literature: Experience/ Interpretation/ Evaluation Writing About Literature Reasons for Writing about Literature *Reading a play in Context Ways of Writing about Literature The Writing Process Drafting Revising Editing PART ONE: FICTION CHAPTER 1: READING STORIES Luke, The Prodigal Son The Experience of Fiction The Interpretation of Fiction *Reading in Context The Evaluation of Fiction John Updike, A&P The Act of Reading Fiction Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour Chapter 2: TYPES OF SHORT FICTION Early Forms: Parable, Fable, and Tale Aesop, The Wolf and the Mastiff Petronius, The Widow of Ephesus The Short Story The Nonrealistic Story The Short Novel Chapter 3: ELEMENTS OF FICTION Plot and Structure Frank O'Connor, Guests of the Nation Character Kay Boyle, Astronomer's Wife Setting Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh Point of View William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily Language and Style James Joyce, Araby Theme Eudora Welty, A Worn Path Irony and Symbol D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner Chapter 4: WRITING ABOUT FICTION Reasons for Writing about Fiction Informal Ways of Writing about Fiction Katherine Anne Porter, Magic Formal Ways of Writing about Fiction Student Papers on Fiction Questions for Writing about Fiction Suggestions for Writing Chapter 5: THREE FICTION WRITERS IN CONTEXT Reading Edgar Allan Poe, Flannery O'Connor, and Sandra Cisneros in Depth *Edgar Allan Poe in Context *Poe and Journalism / Poe and The Horror Story / Poe and The Detective Story / The Dimension of Style/ Timeline Edgar Allan Poe: Stories: *The Black Cat *The Cask of Amontillado *The Fall of the House of Usher *The Purloined Letter *Edgar Allan Poe: Letters, Essays *Critics on Poe Flannery O'Connor in Context *Southern Gothic / The Catholic Dimension / O'Connor's Irony/ Timeline Flannery O'Connor: Stories: Good Country People A Good Man is Hard to Find Everything That Rises Must Converge *The Life You Save May Be Your Own Flannery O'Connor: Letters, Essays Critics on O'Connor *Sandra Cisneros in Context Culture and Identity / Literature of the American Southwest / The Feminist Dimension/ Timeline *Sandra Cisneros: Stories: *Barbie Q *Eleven *There was a Man, There was a Woman *Woman Hollering Creek *Sandra Cisneros on Herself *Critics on Cisneros Chapter 6: A COLLECTION OF SHORT FICTION Classics *Chinua Achebe, Marriage is a Private Affair *James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues Jorge Luis Borges, The Garden of Forking Paths *Anton Chekhov, The Kiss translated by CONSTANCE GARNETT Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal *F. Scott Fitzgerald, Babylon Revisited Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings translated by GREGORY RABASSA Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown *Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home *Zora Neale Hurston, Spunk James Joyce, The Boarding House James Joyce, The Dead *Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis translated by ALEXIS WALKER Katherine Mansfield, Bliss Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing Luigi Pirandello, War Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Isaac Bashevis Singer, Gimpel the Fool translated by SAUL BELLOW Jean Stafford, Bad Characters *Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O. Contemporaries *Sherman Alexie, Indian Education *Julia Alvarez, The Kiss *Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson Raymond Carver, Cathedral *Anita Desai, Diamond Dust *Nathan Englander, The Tumblers *Ursula Hegi, To the Gate Mary Hood, How Far She Went *Gish Jen, Who's Irish Ha Jin, Taking a Husband Jamaica Kincaid, Girl *James Alan McPherson, Why I Like Country Music *Bharati Mukherjee, The Tenant *Alice Munro, An Ounce of Cure *Edna O'Brien, Long Distance Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried *Annie Proulx, The Bunchgrass Edge of the World Leslie Silko, Yellow Woman Amy Tan, Rules of the Game Alice Walker, Everyday Use *Louisa Valenzuela, I'm Your Horse in the Night *John Edgar Wideman, Damballah PART TWO: POETRY Chapter 7: READING POEMS The Experience of Poetry Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays *Reading in Context The Interpretation of Poetry Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening *Reading in Context The Evaluation of Poetry Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers The Act of Reading Poetry Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz Chapter 8: TYPES OF POETRY Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry Chapter 9: ELEMENTS OF POETRY Voice: Speaker and Tone Stephen Crane, War is Kind Robert Browning, My Last Duchess Muriel Stuart, In the Orchard Gerard Manley Hopkins, "Thou art indeed just, Lord, if I contend" Anonymous, Western Wind Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Jacques Prevert, Family Portrait Diction William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy William Wordsworth, It is a beauteous evening Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder Adrienne Rich, Rape Imagery Elizabeth Bishop, First Death in Nova Scotia William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree Robert Browning, Meeting at Night H.D., Heat Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones Figures of Speech: Simile and Metaphor William Shakespeare, That time of year thou may'st in me behold John Donne, Hymn to God the Father Robert Wallace, The Double-Play Louis Simpson, The Battle Judith Wright, Woman to Child Symbolism and Allegory Peter Meinke, Advice to My Son Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill William Blake, A Poison Tree Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken George Herbert, Virtue Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death Syntax John Donne, The Sun Rising Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Robert Frost, The Silken Tent e.e. cummings, "Me up at does" Stevie Smith, Mother, Among the Dustbins Sound: Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance Gerard Manley Hopkins, In the Valley of the Elwy Thomas Hardy, During Wind and Rain Alexander Pope, Sound and Sense Bob McKenty, Adam's Song May Swenson, The Universe Helen Chasin, The Word Plum Rhythm and Meter Robert Frost, The Span of Life George Gordon, Lord Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib Anne Sexton, Her Kind William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow Structure: Closed Form and Open Form John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer Walt Whitman, When I heard the learn'd astronomer e.e. cummings l(a e.e. cummings, [Buffalo Bill's] William Carlos Williams, The Dance Denise Levertov, O Taste and See Theodore Roethke, The Waking *Christine Kane Molito, Reflections in Black & Blue C.P. Cavafy, The City translated by EDMUND KEELEY AND PHILIP SHERRARD Theme Emily Dickinson, Crumbling is not an instant's Act Chapter 10: TRANSFORMATIONS Revisions William Blake, London William Butler Yeats, A Dream of Death Emily Dickinson, The Wind begun to knead the Grass D.H. Lawrence, Piano *Langston Hughes, Ballad of Booker T. Parodies William Carlos Williams, This is Just to Say Kenneth Koch, Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams Gerard Manley Hopkins, Carrion Comfort Gary Layne Hatch, Terrier Torment; or, Mr. Hopkins and his Dog William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? Robert Frost, Dust of Snow Bob McKenty, Snow on Frost Translations *Horace, Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume translated by DAVID FERRY AND BY HELEN ROWE HENZ *Francesco Petrarca, S'amor non e, che dunque e quel ch'io siento translated by ROBERT M. DURLING AND BY MARK MUSA Rainer Maria Rilke, Der Panther translated by STEPHEN MITCHELL AND BY C.F. MCINTYRE Guillaume Apollinaire, Le Pont Mirabeau translated by RICHARD WILBUR AND BY W.S. MERWIN Juan Ramon Jimenez, Nocturno Sonado translated by ELEANOR L. TURNBULL AND BY THOMAS MCGREEVY Responses Christopher Marlowe: The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Archibald MacLeish, Not marble Nor the Gilded Monuments *William Blake, Nurse's Song (Innocence); Nurse's Song (Experience) Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch: A Criticism of Lfe William Carlos Williams, Queen-Ann's-Lace Anne C. Coon, Queen Anne's Lace *Ovid, Siesta time in sultry summer *Jay Parini, Amores (After Ovid) Poetry and Song Ecclesiastes, To Everything There is a Season Pete Seeger, Turn, Turn, Turn! Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory Paul Simon, Richard Cory Langston Hughes Dream Deferred Langston Hughes, Same in Blues *Woody Guthrie, This Land Is Your Land *Sonya Sanchez, Blues Lonnelle Johnson, No Mo' Blues *Bessie Smith, Lost Your Head Blues *John Newton, Amazing Grace Don Maclean, Vincent Poetry and Painting Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night Anne Secton, The Starry Night Robert Fagles, The Starry night Francesco de Goya, The Third of May, 1808 David Gewanter, Goya's The Third of May, 1808 Pieter Breughel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus W.H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts William Carlos Williams, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus William Blake, The Sick Rose (painting) William Blake, The Sick Rose (poem) Henri Matisse, The Dance Natalie Safir, Matisse's Dance *Michelangelo Buonarotti, A goiter it seems I got from this backward craning translated by John Frederick Nims *Michelangelo Buonarotti, Sistine Chapel Ceiling (Detail) *Rembrandt van Rijn, The Return of the Prodigal Son *Elizabeth Bishop, The Prodigal Kitagawa Utamaro, Girl Powdering Her Neck *Cathy Song, Girl Powdering Her Neck *Gustave Klimt, The Kiss Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Short Story on a Painting of Gustav Klimt *Romare Bearden, At Five in the Afternoon *Federico Garcia Lorca, Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias (pt. 2) Chapter 11: WRITING ABOUT POETRY Reasons for Writing about Poetry Informal Ways of Writing about Poetry Robert Graves, Symptoms of Love Formal Ways of Writing about Poetry Sylvia Plath, Mirror Student Papers on Poetry Questions for Writing about Poetry Suggestions for Writing Chapter 12: THREE POETS IN CONTEXT Reading Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes in Depth *Emily Dickinson in Context *The 19th-Century New England Literary Scene Dickinson and Modern Poetry / Dickinson and Christianity / Dickinson's Style/ Timeline Emily Dickinson, I cannot dance upon my Toes (326) Emily Dickinson, The soul selects her own Society (303) Emily Dickinson: Poems *67 Success is counted sweetest *108 Surgeons must be very careful *185 "Faith" is a fine invention 199 I'm "wife"--I've finished that 214 I taste a liquor never brewed 241 I like a look of Agony 249 Wild Nights--Wild Nights! *252 I can wade Grief 258 There's a certain Slant of light 280 I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 324 Some keep the Sabbath going to Church *328 A Bird came down the walk 341 After great pain, a formal feeling comes 348 I dreaded that first Robin, so *365 Dare you see a Soul at the White heat? 419 We grow accustomed to the Dark 435 Much Madness is divinest Sense *448 This was a Poet--It is that 449 I died for Beauty--but was scarce 465 I head a Fly buzz--when I died *480 "Why do I love" You, Sir? *501 This World is not Conclusion. *508 I'm ceded--I've stopped being Theirs-- *512 The Soul has Bandaged moments-- 536 The heart asks Pleasure--first *547 I've seen a Dying eye *569 I reckon--when I count at all-- 585 I like to see it lap the Miles 599 There is a pain--so utter *632 The Brain--is wider than the Sky 650 Pain--has an element of Blank *657 I dwell in Possibility-- *668 "Nature" is what we see *709 Publication--is the Auction 744 Remorse--is Memory--awake 754 My Life had stood--a Loaded Gun 986 A narrow Fellow in the Grass 1068 Further in Summer than the Birds 1078 The Bustle in a House 1100 The last Night that She lived 1129 Tell all the Truth but tell it slant *1138 A spider sewed at night *1142 The Props assist the House 1463 A Route of Evanescence 1624 Apparently with no surprise *1705 Volcanoes be in Sicily 1732 My life closed twice before its close Questions for Reflection Three Poems with Altered Punctuation Poems Inspired by Dickinson *Jane Hirshfield, Three Times My Life has Opened *Jane Kenyon, Notes from The Other Side *Billy Collins, Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes *Linda Pastan, Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson: Letters / Critics on Dickinson *Robert Frost in Context *The Popularity of Frost / Frost and Nature / Frost and the Sonnet / Frost's Voices/ Timeline Robert Frost: Poems Mowing The Tuft of Flowers Mending Wall Birches *After Apple-Picking Home Burial *The Oven Bird Hyla Brook *"Out, Out--" Putting in the Seed Fire and Ice For Once, Then Something *The Need of Being Versed in Country Things Two Look at Two Once by the Pacific Acquainted with the Night Tree at My Window Departmental Design Desert Places Provide, Provide The Most of It *Never Again Would Birds' Song Be the Same Questions for Reflection Frost: Letters and Essays / Critics on Frost *Langston Hughes in Context *The Harlem Renaissance / Hughes and Music / Hughes's Influences / Hughes's Style Langston Hughes: Poems *The Negro Speaks of Rivers *Mother to Son *I, Too *My People *The Weary Blues *Young Gal's Blues *Morning After Trumpet Player *Dream Boogie *Ballad of the Landlord *Madam and the Rent Man *When Sue Wears Red *Listen Here Blues *Consider me *Theme for English B *Aunt Sue's Stories *Madrid--1937 *Let America Be America Again *I'm Still Here *Questions for Reflection *Hughes: Essays / Critics on Hughes Chapter 13: A COLLECTION OF POEMS Classics Anonymous, Barbara Allan Anonymous, Edward, Edward William Blake, The Clod and the Pebble William Blake, The Lamb William Blake, The Tyger William Blake, The Garden of Love Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How do I love thee Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose *Thomas Campion, There is a Garden in Her Face Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan John Donne, Song: Go and catch a falling star John Donne, The Canonization John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning John Donne, The Flea John Donne, Death, be not proud John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God George Gordon, Lord Byron, She walks in beauty Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid Thomas Hardy, Channel Firing Thomas Hardy, Afterwards George Herbert, The Altar *George Herbert, The Pulley Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to make Much of Time Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child A.E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty A.E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young *Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, The soote season Ben Jonson, On My First Son Ben Jonson, Song: To Celia John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be John Keats, La Belle Dame sans merci *John Keats, The Eve of St. Agnes John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont *Sir Thomas Nashe, A Litany in Time of Plague Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Man William Shakespeare, When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds William Shakespeare, Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias *Edmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strand Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle: A Fragment Walt Whitman, One's-Self I Sing Walt Whitman, A noiseless patient spider *Walt Whitman, Crossing Brooklyn Ferry William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me Moderns W.H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen W.H. Auden, In Memory of W.B. Yeats *W.H. Auden, Funeral Blues Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina Elizabeth Bishop, One Art *Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool Gwendolyn Brooks, First fight. Then fiddle *Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters Countee Cullen, Incident e.e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town e.e. cummings, i thank You god for this most amazing Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear he Mask T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits *D.H. Lawrence, Hummingbird D.H. Lawrence, Snake *D.H. Lawrence, When I Read Shakespeare *Robert Lowell, Epilogue Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York Marianne Moore, Poetry Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est Sylvia Plath, Blackberrying *Ezra Pound, The Garden Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane Anne Sexton, Two Hands William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird *Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man May Swenson, Women Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night Jean Toomer, Song of the Sun Jean Toomer, Reapers Richard Wilbur, Death of a Toad William Carlos Williams, Spring and All William Carlos Williams, Danse Russe William Carlos Williams The Young Housewife James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm James Wright, A Blessing William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming William Butler Yeats, The Wild Swans at Coole William Butler Yeats, Led and the Swan William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium *William Butler Yeats, A Coat *William Butler Yeats, The Scholars *William Butler Yeats, When You are Old *William Butler Yeats, Adam's Curse Contemporaries *Diane Ackerman, Spiders *Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Songs 1 and 2 Margaret Atwood, This is a Photograph of me *Margaret Atwood, Spelling Jimmy Santiago Baca, from Meditations on the South Valley XVII *Michael Blumenthal, Today I am Envying the Glorious Mexicans *Eavan Boland, Anorexic *David Bottoms, Sign for My Father, who Stressed the Bunt *Neal Bowers, Driving Lessons Raymond Carver, Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-Second Year *Sandra Cisneros, Pumpkin Eater Lucille Clifton, Homage to My Hips *Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Game *Billy Collins, Duck / Rabbit *Jennifer Ritter Compasso, All I Hear is Silence *Doretta Cornell, Steady as Any Ship My Father Grergory Corso, Marriage *Joseph Coulson, After the Move *Allen Curnow, The Cake Uncut *Mark Doty, Golden Retrievals *Rita Dove, Testimonial Rita Dove, Canary Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity *Carolyn Forche, The Memory of Elena Nikki Giovanni, Ego Tripping *Nikki Giovanni, Nikki Rosa *Louise Gluck, The School Children *Jori Graham, Mind Donald Hall, My son, my executioner *Donald Hall, Kicking the Leaves *Joy Haarjo, Eagle Poem Robert Hass, Meditation at Lagunitas Seamus Heaney, Digging Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break *Edward Hirsch, For the Sleepwalkers *Jane Hirshfield, The Heart's Country Knows Only One *Garrett Hongo, What For *Milton Kessler, Fingertip Galway Kinnell, Saint Francis and the Sow Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It *Li Young Lee, I Ask My Mother Why *Brad Leithauser, From R.E.M. *Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire *J.D. McClatchy, Hummingbird Tom Molito, Cosmic Simplicities Sharon Olds, Size and Sheer Will Mary Oliver, Poem for My Father's Ghost *Simon Ortiz, A Story of How a Wall Stands *Robert F. Panard, On His Deafness Linda Pastan, Ethics *Molly Peacock, Now Look What Happened Marge Piercy, A Work of Artifice *Robert Pinsky, Dying *Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home Alberto Rios, A Dream of Husbands Kraft Rompf, Waiting Table *Mary Jo Salter, Welcome to Hiroshima *Sonya Sanchez, Towhomitmayconcern Gertrude Schnackenberg, Signs *Cathy Song, Lost Sister Gary Soto, Behind Grandma's House *Ellen Bryant Voigt, Two Trees *C.K. Williams, Invisble Mending *Baron Wormser, Friday Night *A Selection of World Poetry Anna Akhmatova (Russia), from Requiem translated by MAX HAYWARD Bella Akhmadulina (Russia), The Bride translated by STEPHAN STEPANCHEV Yeuda Amichai (Israel), A Pity. We Were such a Good Invention TRANSLATED BY ASSIA GUTTMAN Chairil Anwar (Indonesia), At the Mosque translated by BURTON RAFFEL Charles Baudelaire (France), The Albatross translated by RICHARD WILBUR Matsuo Basho (Japan) Three Haiku translated by ROBERT HASS Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), the Blind Man translated by ALASTAIR REID Breyten Breytenback,(South Africa), The Black City translated by LEON DE KOCK AND SONIA VAN SCHALWYK Rosario Castellanos (Mexico), Chess translated by MAUREEN AHERN Paul Celan (Romania) Fugue of Death translated by DONALD WHITE Bei Dao (China), Declaration translated by BONNIE S. MCDOUGALL Bernard Dadie (Ivory Coast) I Give You Thanks My God Odysseus Elytis (Greece), Drinking the Corinthian Sun translated by KIMON FRIAR Faiz Ahmed Faiz (Pakistan), Before You Came translated by AGHA SHAHID ALI Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Germany), Nature and Art translated by JOHN FREDERICK NIMS Zbigniew Herbert (Poland), Pebble translated by CZESLAW MILOSZ AND PETER DALE SCOTT Vicente Huidobro (Cuba), Ars Poetica translated by DAVID M. GUSS Ono No Komachi (Japan), Submit to You translated by H. SATO AND B. WATSON Osip Mandelstam (Russia), The Stalin Epigram translated by CLARENCE BROWN AND W.S. MERWIN Cszeslaw Milosz (Poland), A Song on the End of the World translated by ANTHONY MILOSZ Cszeslaw Milosz (Poland), Encounter translated by THE AUTHOR AND LILLIAN VALLEE) Eurgenio Montale (Italy), The Eel translated by JOHN FREDERICK NIMS Pablo Neruda (Chile), Ode to My Socks translated by ROBERT BLY Jose Emilio Pacheco (Mexico), Boundaries translated by JOHN FREDERICK NIMS Nicanor Parra (Chile), Piano Solo translated by WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS Boris Pasternak (Russia), Hamlet translated by JON STALLWORTHY AND PETER FRANCE Octavio Paz (Mexico), The Street translated by MURIEL RUKEYSER A. K. Ramanujan (India), Pleasure Rainer Maria Rilke (Germany) The Cadet Picture of My Father TRANSLATED BY ROBERT LOWELL George Seferis (Greece), Narration translated by EDMUND KEELEY AND PHILIP SHERRARD Leopold Senghor (Senegal), I Am Alone translated by MELVIN DIXON Wole Soyinka (Nigeria), Hamlet Wislawa Szymborska (Poland), Bodybuilders' Contest translated by STANLEY BARANCZAK AND CLARE CAVANAGH Shuntaro Tanikawa (Japan), Picnic to the Earth translated by HAROLD WRIGHT Derek Walcott (Caribbean) Sea Grapes PART THREE: DRAMA CHAPTER 14: READING PLAYS The Experience of Drama Isabella Augusta Persse, Lady Gregory, The Rising of the Moon The Interpretation of Drama The Evaluation of Drama CHAPTER 15: TYPES OF DRAMA Tragedy Comedy CHAPTER 16: ELEMENTS OF DRAMA Plot Character Dialogue *Subtext Staging *Symbolism and Irony Theme CHAPTER 17: WRITING ABOUT DRAMA Reasons for Writing about Drama Informal Ways of Writing about Drama Annotation Double-columned Notebook Formal Ways of Writing about Drama Student Papers on Drama Questions for Writing about Drama Suggestions for Writing CHAPTER 18: THE GREEK THEATER: Sophocles in Context *Athens in the Golden Age / Greek Tragedy / Sophocles and His Works / Timeline Sophocles: Plays Oedipus Rex translated by DUDLEY FITTS AND ROBERT FITZGERALD Antigone translated by DUDLEY FITTS AND ROBERT FITZGERALD Critics on Sophocles Chapter 19: THE ELIZABETHAN THEATER: Shakespeare in Context *London in the Age of Elizabeth / *The Arts in the Age of Elizabeth / Stagecraft in the Elizabethan Age / Shakespeare and His Works / Timeline Shakespeare: Plays The Tragedy of Othello Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Critics on Shakespeare CHAPTER 20: THE MODERN REALISTIC THEATER: Ibsen and Shaw in Context Realism *A Note on the Theatre of the Absurd / Timeline *Ibsen in Context: Ibsen, Exile, and Change Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House translated by ROLF FJELDE *Shaw in Context *Bernard Shaw, Arms and the Man CHAPTER 21: A COLLECTION OF MODERN DRAMA *Anton Chekhov, A Marriage Proposal translated by ERIC BENTLEY Susan Glaspell, Trifles Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun *Eugene Ionesco, The Gap Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman John Millington Synge, Riders to the Sea *Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie CHAPTER 22: A COLLECTION OF CONTEMPORARY PLAYS *David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly *Garrison Keillor, Prodigal Son Josefina Lopez, Simply Maria Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother *Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer *Drew Hayden Taylor, Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth Wendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer August Wilson, Fences PART FOUR: RESEARCH AND CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 23: WRITING WITH SOURCES Why Do Research about Literature? Clarifying the Assignment Selecting a Topic Finding and Using Sources Using Computerized Databases Using the Internet for Research Developing a Critical Perspective Developing a Thesis Drafting and Revising Responding to the Ideas of Others: Using One source as a Stimulus for Ideas Conventions Documenting sources A Research Paper on a Single Work using Multiple Sources A Research Paper Using Multiple Works and Multiple Sources CHAPTER 24: CRITICAL THEORY: APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LITERATURE Readings for Analysis William Carlos Williams, The Use of Force Emily Dickinson, I'm 'wife'--I've finished that The Canon and the Curriculum Formalist Perspectives Biographical Perspectives Historical Perspectives Psychological Perspectives Feminist and Marxist Perspectives Reader-Response Perspectives Mythological Perspectives Structuralist Perspectives Deconstructive Perspectives Cultural Studies Perspectives Using Critical Perspectives as Heuristics CHAPTER 25: CRITICAL COMMENTS ABOUT LITERATURE Plato, Poetry and Inspiration TRANSLATED BY BENJAMIN JOWETT Aristotle, On Tragedy TRANSLATED BY GERALD F. ELSE Sir Philip Sidney, An Apology for Poetry Samuel Johnson, The Metaphysical Poets William Blake, Art and Imagination William Wordsworth, Poetry and Feeling John Keats, The Authenticity of the Imagination Percy Bysshe Shelley, Poets and Language Anton Chekhov, Technique in Writing the Short Story TRANSLATED BY CONSTANCE GARNETT Henrik Ibsen, Notes for the Modern Tragedy TRANSLATED BY A.B. CHATER Gerard Manley Hopkins, Sprung Rhythm August Strindberg, The Scene TRANSLATED BY BORGE GEDSO MADSEN Bernard Shaw, The Interpreter of Life Wallace Stevens, Observations on Poetry T.S. Eliot, The Poet and the Tradition Bertolt Brecht, Brecht on Theater TRANSLATED BY JOHN WILLETT George Seferis, Poetry and Human Living TRANSLATED BY A. GAGNOSTOPOULOS Frank O'Connor, Lyric Poetry and the Short Story Pablo Neruda, "The Word" TRANSLATED BY HARDI ST. MARTIN Eudora Welty, The Origin of a Story Ralph Ellison, Folklore and Fiction Octavio Paz, The Power of Poetry TRANSLATED BY HELEN LANE Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man *Tennessee Williams, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie *Tennessee Williams, The Catastrophe of Success Eric Bentley, On Drama as Literature and Entertainment Wendell Berry, Poetry and Song Audre Lorde, Poems Are Not Luxuries Mark Strand, Poetry, Language, and Meaning Margaret Atwood, Our First Stories Seamus Heaney, Feelings into Words *Robert Pinsky, The Sounds of Poetry John Edgar Wideman, Stories Are Letters (To Robby) Diane Ackerman, What a Poem Knows Tim O'Brien, On the Importance of Mystery in Plot Alice Fulton, On the Validity of Free Verse Hwang, Production notes to accompany M. Butterfly