RF in RFID (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The RF in RFID 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
1.1 What, When, and Where, Wirelessly 12
1.2 Why Would You Read This Book? 13
1.3 What Comes Next? 14
1.4 Acknowledgments 15
1.5 Further Reading 15
Chapter 2. History and Practice of RFID 18
2.1 It All Started with IFF 18
2.2 Making it Cheap 20
2.3 Making and Selling: Tracking Big Stuff 26
2.4 Tracking Small Stuff: AutoID and The Web of Things 30
2.5 RFID Systems and Terminology 33
2.6 Types of RFID 35
2.7 The Internet of Things and UHF RFID 57
2.8 Further Reading 59
2.9 Exercises 60
Chapter 3. Radio Basics For UHF RFID 62
3.1 Electromagnetic Waves 62
3.2 Describing Signal Voltage and Power 66
3.3 Information, Modulation, and Multiplexing 69
3.4 Backscatter Radio Links 79
3.5 Link Budgets 84
3.6 Effect of Antenna Gain and Polarization on Range 91
3.7 Propagation in the Real World 104
3.8 Capsule Summary: Chapter 3 110
3.9 Further Reading 111
3.10 Exercises 112
Chapter 4. UHF RFID Readers 114
4.1 A Radio’s Days (and nights) 114
4.2 Radio Architectures 118
4.3 Radio Components 121
4.4 RFID Transmitters 170
4.5 RFID Receivers 186
4.6 Digital-Analog Conversion and Signal Processing 195
4.7 Packaging and Power 198
4.8 Capsule Summary 198
4.9 Further Reading 200
4.10 Exercises 202
Chapter 5. UHF RFID Tags 206
5.1 Power and Powerlessness 206
5.2 RF to DC 208
5.3 Getting Started, Getting Data 218
5.4 Talking Back 221
5.5 Tag IC Overall Design Challenges 231
5.6 Packaging: No Small Matter 233
5.7 Other Ways 241
5.8 Capsule Summary 245
5.9 Further Reading 246
5.10 Exercises 248
Chapter 6. Reader Antennas 252
6.1 Not Just for Insects Anymore 252
6.2 Current Events: Fundamentals of Antenna Operation 253
6.3 Antennas for Fixed Readers 279
6.4 Antennas for Handheld or Portable Readers 289
6.5 Near-field Antennas 295
6.6 Cables and Connectors 298
6.7 Capsule Summary 306
6.8 Afterword: An Electron’s Eyelash 307
6.9 Further Reading 308
6.10 Exercises 309
Chapter 7. Tag Antennas 316
7.1 World to Tag, Tag to World 316
7.2 Impedance Matching and Power Transfer 317
7.3 Dipoles and Derivatives 325
7.4 Tags and the (local) Environment 347
7.5 Near-field and Hybrid Tag Antennas 363
7.6 Capsule Summary 365
7.7 Further Reading 366
7.8 Exercises 368
Chapter 8. UHF RFID Protocols 372
8.1 What a Protocol Droid Should Know 372
8.2 Days of Yore 381
8.3 EPCglobal Generation 1 385
8.4 ISO 18000-6B (Intellitag) 404
8.5 ISO 18000-6C (EPCglobal Class 1 Generation 2) 409
8.6 Capsule Summary 448
8.7 Further Reading 449
8.8 Exercises 451
Afterword 456
Appendix 1. Radio Regulations 458
A1.1 Couldn’t Wait for Global Warming 458
A1.2 FCC PART 15 460
A1.3 European Standards 464
A1.4 Those Other Few Billion Folks 467
Appendix 2. Harmonic Functions 470
A2.1 Sines and Cosines 470
A2.2 Complex Numbers and Complex Exponentials 471
Appendix 3. Resistance, Impedance and Switching 478
A3.1 Electric Company Detective Sherlock Ohms 478
A3.2 Resistance is Useless? 481
A3.3 Switching 486
Appendix 4. Reflection and Matching 488
A4.1 Reflection Coefficients 488
A4.2 A Simple (But Relevant) Matching Example 491
Index 496