Sikh News in India, 1864-1924

Kristina Myrvold, Ph.D. (2007) and Associate Professor (2015), is a Visiting Professor of Asian Religions at Lund University. She is the author and editor of numerous academic publications on Sikh religion, history, and colonial Punjab. Myrvold is one of the editors for Brill’s Encyclopedia of Sikhism.

Contents

Preface

Glossary



Introduction

 1 Newspapers in Punjab

 2 The Press Reports

 3 Press Policies and Censorship

 4 Press Reports as Source Material

 5 Multiple Publics

 6 Purpose and Structure of the Book



Volume 1: Royalties, Reformers, and Organizations



Overview



1 Descendants of the Sikh Kingdom

 1 Maharaja Duleep Singh

 2 Maharani Bamba

 3 Prince Victor Duleep Singh

 4 Princess Sophia Duleep Singh



2 Maharaja and State of Patiala

 1 Mahendra Singh (1852–1876)

 2 Council of Regency (1876–1890)

 3 Rajinder Singh (1872–1900)

 4 Council of Regency and Political Agent (1900–1910)

 5 Bhupinder Singh (1891–1938)



3 Maharaja and State of Nabha

 1 Bhagwan Singh (1842–1871)

 2 Hira Singh (1843–1911)

 3 Ripudaman Singh (1883–1942)



4 Maharaja and State of Kapurthala

 1 Kharak Singh (1850–1877)

 2 Jagatjit Singh (1872–1949)

 3 Administration of Lewis French (1910–1915)

 4 Representative Assembly



5 Raja and State of Faridkot

 1 Wazir Singh (1811–1874)

 2 Bikram Singh (1842–1898)

 3 Balbir Singh (1869–1906)

 4 Brijinder Singh (1896–1918)

 5 Council of Regency (1918–1934)



6 Other Princely States

 1 Maharaja and State of Jind

 2 Maharaja and State of Kalsia



7 Religious and Social Reformers

 1 Baba Khem Singh Bedi

 2 Kanwar Bikrama Singh Bahadur

 3 Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhanvalia

 4 Gurbachan Singh Sandhanvalia

 5 Bhai Gurmukh Singh

 6 Bava Sarmukh Singh

 7 Sardar Attar Singh of Bhadaur

 8 Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia

 9 Sardar Umrao Singh Majithia



8 Chiefs, Public Servants, and Politicians

 1 Raja Sahib Dayal Singh

 2 Raja Harbans Singh

 3 Sardar Lehna Singh

 4 Sardar Ajit Singh Attari

 5 Sardar Bikrama Singh Ahluwalia

 6 Sardar Sher Singh

 7 Sardar Gurdial Singh

 8 Bhai Ram Singh

 9 Sardar Sundar Singh Majithia

 10 Sardar Daljit Singh

 11 Sardar Gajjan Singh



9 Organisations and Movements

 1 Kuka Movement

 2 Singh Sabhas

 3 Shuddhi Sabha

 4 Committee for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria

 5 Chief Khalsa Diwan



10 Education and Language

 1 Khalsa College and Its Management

 2 Muslim Students in the Khalsa College

 3 Performance of the Drama Khwab-i-Hasti

 4 Kanya Maha Vidyalaya in Ferozepur

 5 Educational Reforms in the Sikh States

 6 Other Schools and Colleges

 7 Western Education for Women

 8 Sikh Graduate League

 9 Sikh Students

 10 Sikh Educational Conferences

 11 Caste Based Conferences

 12 Sikh Zenana Conference

 13 Punjabi and the Gurmukhi Script

 14 Gurmukhi Script in the Sikh States

 15 Gurmukhi Script in the Indian Army

 16 Religious Propaganda



11 Military Service and Campaigns

 1 Loyalty and Martial Qualities

 2 Recruitment

 3 Religious Practices and Specialists

 4 Service in Europe

 5 Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880)

 6 The Battle of Saragarhi (1897)

 7 Settlement on the Frontier

 8 Connections with Russia

 9 Suppression of Riots

 10 The Afghan Campaign (1919)

 11 Commissions and Sandhurst College

 12 Misconducts and Dismissals



12 Miscellaneous Incidents and Reports

 1 Individual Resistance

 2 A Discovery of Relics

 3 The Evils of Eating Opium

 4 A Sikh Photographer



Volume 2. Religious Places, Practices, and Relations

Glossary



Overview



1 The Golden Temple at Amritsar

 1 Management of the Golden Temple

 2 Management under Colonel Jowala Singh

 3 Management under Sardar Arur Singh

 4 Religious Practices and Specialists

 5 River Ganga at the Golden Temple

 6 Introduction of Electric Lights

 7 Visits by British Officials and Europeans

 8 Prostitution and Improper Conducts

 9 Impure Sugar in Karah Prashad

 10 Sell and Use of Intoxicants

 11 Water Supply

 12 Aeroplanes over the Temple

 13 Requests for Sikh Control

 14 The Key Affair



2 Religious Scriptures and Practices

 1 Translation by Ernest Trumpp

 2 Translation by Bhai Gurmukh Singh

 3 Max Arthur Macauliffe

 4 The Faridkot Vala Tika

 5 Criticism of Publishers

 6 Sikh Festivals as Public Holidays

 7 The Anand Marriage Act

 8 The Ragmala Controversy

 9 Sacrilegious Writings

 10 Criticism of Religious Practices



3 Relations with Hindus

 1 Sikhs Are Hindus or a Separate Nation

 2 Census Reports

 3 Gurbakhsh Singh Bedi and the Hindu Conference

 4 Arorbans Conference

 5 Casteless Community

 6 Marriages with Hindus

 7 Impurities from Hindus

 8 Radhasoami

 9 Dev Samaj

 10 Sanatan Dharm

 11 Protection and Killing of Cows

 12 A Poem Insulting Krishna



4 Relations with Arya Samaj

 1 Pandit Lekh Ram

 2 Swami Dayanand and the Satyarth Prakash

 3 Propaganda and Counter-Propaganda

 4 Neo-Sikhs and Tat Khalsa

 5 Attacks on Religious Scriptures and Worship

 6 Attacks on the Loyalty of Sikhs

 7 Conversion of Dalit Sikhs

 8 Conversions of Other Groups

 9 Disputes in Sialkot

 10 Destruction of Pictures

 11 Sikh Students in Arya Schools

 12 Activities of Lala Munshi Ram

 13 The Tract Khalsa Panth ki Haqiqat

 14 The Pamphlet Nath Chakkar



5 Relations with Muslims

 1 Sikhs Eating Pork

 2 Opinions about Jhatka and Halal meat

 3 Controversies over Jhatka

 4 A Picture of Guru Nanak

 5 Beating Breasts during Muharram

 6 A Pig in a Well

 7 Disputes over Meat in Schools

 8 Interference with Sikh Processions

 9 Rumours about Shahidganj Gurdwara

 10 Muslim Oppression in History

 11 Sikh Repression of Muslims

 12 Eating with Muslims

 13 Conversion of Women

 14 Sikhism a Branch of Islam

 15 Ahmadiyaa and Sikh Converts

 16 Guru Nanak Portrayed as a Muslim



6 Relations with Christians

 1 Missionaries and Conversions

 2 The Khalsa Prayer Society



7 Religious Insults and Cases of Desecration

 1 Pictures of the Sikh Gurus

 2 Commercial for Cigars

 3 Images on Wine Labels

 4 Smoking in Trains

 5 Disturbances and Insults in Gurdwaras

 6 Attacks on Gurdwaras and the Guru Granth Sahib

 7 Protection of Samadhs

 8 Sikhs Presented as Drunkards



8 Rikabganj Gurdwara

 1 Responses and Debates

 2 Agitation by Women

 3 Resolutions by the Chief Khalsa Diwan

 4 Decisions by the Chief Commissioner of Delhi

 5 Prohibition of Meetings and Processions

 6 Post-war Activities

 7 Bangla Sahib Gurdwara



9 Kirpan Controversies

 1 Incidents of Violence

 2 Religious Symbols in Jails

 3 Governmental Orders on the Kirpan

 4 Cases of Arrests

 5 The Sitapur Arrests

 6 Religious Symbols in the Army

 7 Manufacture and Market

 8 The Length of Kirpans

 9 The Lahore High Court

 10 Debate and Agitation

 11 Hunger Strike of Bhai Sucha Singh



Volume 3. Migration, Representation, and Reform

Glossary



Overview



1 Sikh Migration

 1 England

 2 Canada

 3 America

 4 Shanghai

 5 Malaysia

 6 Mexico

 7 Afghanistan



2 Nationalism and Sedition

 1 An Appeal to Indian Mothers

 2 Ajit Singh and Sufi Amba Prasad

 3 A Letter from London

 4 Prints from America

 5 The Lahore Conspiracy Case

 6 A Loyal or Seditious Community

 7 Sikh Newspapers under Censorship

 8 Examples of Texts Deemed Seditious



3 Komagata Maru

 1 Reports and Debates

 2 The Budge Budge Riot

 3 Commission of Enquiry

 4 The Arrest of Gurdit Singh



4 Sikhs in the First World War

 1 Loyalty and Recruitment

 2 A Gurdwara at Basra

 3 Patiala in the War

 4 Rewards and Memorials



5 Representation in Governmental Services

 1 Sikhs in the Public Service

 2 Municipal and District Committees

 3 Deputy Commissioners

 4 Civil Department

 5 Education Department

 6 Finance Department

 7 Postal Department

 8 Railway Board

 9 Police Department

 10 Jail Department

 11 Medical Services

 12 Punjab Legislative Council

 13 Viceroy’s Executive Council

 14 Honours and Titles



6 Political Consolidation and Nationalism

 1 Sikh Leadership and Political Agitation

 2 Separate Representation in Reform Schemes

 3 Cooperation with the Muslim League

 4 Montagu’s Declaration and Visit to India

 5 Suggestions for Sikh Organizations

 6 The Sikh League

 7 Jat Representation and Politics

 8 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

 9 Amritsar Session of the Congress

 10 The Definition of a Sikh

 11 Resolutions of Non-cooperation

 12 Sikh Deputation to England

 13 Opinions about Viceroy Lord Reading

 14 Ahmedabad Session of the Congress

 15 Demands of Chief Khalsa Diwan



7 The Nankana Massacre

 1 Rumours about the Mahant

 2 Mahant Narain Das and the Riot

 4 Action by the Government

 5 Advise of Mahatma Gandhi

 6 Investigation

 7 Petitions of Bhatti Muslims

 8 Judgement by the High Court

 9 Transfer of the Nankana Estate



8 Gurdwara Reform and Resistance

 1 A Need to Reform Gurdwaras

 2 Sodhi Gurdwara at Kartarpur

 3 Gurdwara Babe Di Ber Sahib at Sialkot

 4 Gurdwara Bhai Joga Singh

 5 Sri Darbar Sahib at Tarn Taran

 6 Gurdwara Khadur Sahib

 7 Gurdwara Bhai Pheru

 8 Gurdwaras at Hazro

 9 Other Disputes over Sacred Spaces

 10 National Independence and Self-Rule

 11 SGPC and Non-violent Resistance

 12 Separation between Sikhs and Hindus

 13 Governmental Policies and Resolutions

 14 The Arrest of Sardul Singh Kavishar

 15 The Arrest of Kartar Singh of Jhabbar

 16 The Arrest of Sikh Leaders at Ajnala

 17 The Arrest of Kharak Singh

 18 The Arrest of Giani Sher Singh

 19 The Arrest of Master Mota Singh

 20 Arrests at Various Places



Volume 4. Politics of Repression and Reconciliation

Glossary

Overview



1 The Guru ka Bagh Incident

 1 Violence and Repression

 2 Women in the Agitation

 3 The Railway Incident at Hasan Abdal

 3 Pressure for Enquiries

 4 Actions of the Government

 5 Actions of the SGPC

 6 Actions of the Punjab Legislative Council

 7 Supporters and Critics

 8 The Rawalpindi Incidents

 9 Babar Akalis in the Doaba

 10 Arrests and Releases of Prisoners

 11 Trials of Sikh Leaders

 12 Treatment of Prisoners



2 The Deposition of Ripudaman Singh

 1 Relations between Nabha and Patiala

 2 Statements of Government

 3 Speculations and Opinions on the Reasons

 4 Protest and Agitation

 5 A House and Gift of the Guru

 6 Warnings to Indian States



3 The Jaito Agitation

 1 Jathas at Jaito

 2 Religious Insults and Religious Rights

 3 Arrests of Congress Leaders

 4 The First Shahidi Jatha and Shootings

 5 Actions and Sacrifices by Women

 6 Governmental Statements and Enquiries

 7 The Second Shahidi Jatha

 8 Advises of Mahatma Gandhi

 9 The Third Shahidi Jatha

 10 Subsequent Shahidi Jathas

 11 Sudhar Sangat Jatha

 12 Prisoners at Nabha Bir



4 Religious Ideologies and Responses

 1 Religious Interference and Insults

 2 A Religious Struggle and War

 3 Invoking the Gurus and Exhorting Sacrifices

 4 The British Compared to Mughals

 5 Reponses from the Udasis

 6 Responses from the Namdharis

 7 Responses from Other Groups

 8 Gurdwara Movement and the Sikh States

 9 Akalis an