Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

Steve M. Jex, Ph.D., is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Central Florida. His research focuses on the impact of individual differences on employee responses to stressors in the workplace, and more recently how employees balance chronic illness with work demands. Dr. Jex is the author of over 100 journal articles and book chapters, as well as three books. Thomas W. Britt, Ph.D., is a Professor of Psychology at Clemson University. He has published over 100 academic articles, two books, and multiple book chapters. His current research addresses factors that promote resilience among employees in high stress occupations and has been funded by grants from the Department of Defense and NASA. Cynthia A. Thompson, Ph.D., is a Professor of Management in the Zicklin School of Business at Baruch College, City University of New York. Her research on the work-life interface has been published in leading journals, including the Journal of Applied Psychology, the Journal of Vocational Behavior, and the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, as well as in many book chapters. https://zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu/faculty-profile/cynthia-a-thompson/

About the Authors xiii

Preface xv

About the Companion Website xxi

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Fields of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1

What is Organizational Psychology? 2

Organizational Psychology in Context 4

What is Organizational Behavior? 5

Organizational Behavior in Context 6

The Scientist-Practitioner Approach 8

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Wheeler H. Nakahara 15

Historical Influences on Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 17

People Behind the Research: Dr. Mindy K. Shoss 28

The Chapter Sequence 32

Chapter Summary 33

Suggested Additional Readings 33

References 34

Chapter 2 Design of Research Underlying Managerial Decisions 39

Methods of Data Collection 40

People Behind the Research: Dr. Nathan A. Bowling 51

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Thaddeus Rada-Bayne 55

Choosing among Data Collection Methods 62

Special Issues in Data Collection for Organizational Researchers 65

Ethics in Data Collection 71

Chapter Summary 71

Appendix A: Data Analysis in Organizational Research 72

Special Issues in Statistical Analysis 79

Appendix Summary 89

Suggested Additional Readings 89

References 90

Chapter 3 Recruitment, Attraction, Socialization, and Retention (RASR) 98

Recruitment and Attraction: An Organizational Perspective 99

Recruitment and Attraction: The Applicant’s Perspective 108

Practitioner Spotlight: Jamie Winter 111

An Introduction to Organizational Socialization 113

The Socialization Process: An Organizational Perspective 117

The Socialization Process: A Newcomer Perspective 124

The Socialization Process: An Interactionist Perspective 133

People Behind the Research: Dr. Connie Wanberg 134

Special Issues in Organizational Socialization Research 135

Employee Retention: Making Recruitment and Socialization Pay Off 136

Chapter Summary 142

Suggested Additional Readings 143

References 143

Chapter 4 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) 150

The Times they are A’Changin’ 150

Why the Heightened Focus on DEI? 151

What Exactly is DEI? 152

The Legal Framework Underlying DEI 154

Discrimination is not Just Black and White: Intersectionality in the Workplace 171

People Behind the Research: Dr. Tsedale M. Melaku 172

Psychological and Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Bias in the Workplace 174

Moving Beyond Bias and Discrimination: The Case for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 176

Theoretical and Practical Approaches to Understanding and Managing DEI 178

In Practice: Increasing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 184

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Anna Marie Valerio 194

Summary 196

Suggested Additional Readings 197

References 198

Chapter 5 Managing the Work–life Interface: Individual and Organizational Strategies 211

Some Basic Assumptions (and Myths) About the Work–Life Interface 213

Understanding the Work–Life Interface 214

Who Experiences Work–Family Conflict? 217

Antecedents of Work–Family Conflict 218

Consequences of Work–Family Conflict 220

Reducing and Preventing Work–Family Conflict 222

Practitioner Spotlight: Kelly Barrena 227

The Positive Side of the Work–Family Interface 230

What About Work–Family Balance? 231

Pulling It All Together: A Model of Work and Family 233

Chapter Summary 234

People Behind the Research: Dr. Tammy Allen 235

Suggested Additional Readings 236

References 237

Chapter 6 Productive and Counterproductive Behavior in Organizations 246

Productive Behavior in Organizations 247

Defining Productive Behavior 247

Job Performance 248

People Behind the Research: Dr. John Campbell 251

Measurement of Job Performance 256

Determinants of Job Performance 261

Organizational Citizenship Behavior 272

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. E. Scott Geller 274

Counterproductive Behavior in Organizations 281

Conceptualizing Task Performance, OCBS, and CWBS Together 295

Chapter Summary 296

Suggested Additional Readings 297

References 298

Chapter 7 Employee Health, Safety, and Well-Being 312

Employee Health, Safety, and Well-Being: The Broader Context 313

An Introduction to Occupational Stress 315

Occupational Stress: A Brief History 316

Approaches and Terminology Used in Occupational Stress 318

Occupational Stress Models 322

Stressors in the Workplace 329

Employee Safety 343

Personal Resources: Coping, Resilience, and Recovery 344

People Behind the Research: Dr. Danielle D. King 347

Employee Health, Safety, and Well-Being in Vulnerable Populations 350

Reducing the Impact of Workplace Stressors 351

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Erin Eatough 352

Employee Health, Safety, and Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Perspective 358

Chapter Summary 360

Suggested Additional Readings 362

References 362

Chapter 8 Beliefs, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Work and the Organization 383

Job Satisfaction 384

People Behind the Research: Dr. Paul E. Spector 390

Organizational Commitment 410

Additional Job Beliefs 423

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Kalifa Oliver 427

Chapter Summary 433

Suggested Additional Readings 434

References 435

Chapter 9 Employee Motivation 447

Defining Motivation and Basic Assumptions 447

Understanding Motivated Behavior Among Employees 449

Organizational Influences on Motivation 466

Organizational Reward Systems 468

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Fred Mael 478

Motivation Through the Design of Work 480

People Behind the Research: Dr. Adam Grant 491

Recent Directions in Employee Motivation 495

Chapter Summary 499

References 500

Chapter 10 Leadership and Influence Processes 511

Defining Leadership 512

General Approaches to Leadership 515

People Behind the Research: Dr. Alice Eagly 519

Modern Theories of Leadership 524

Practitioner Spotlight: John Mattone 539

Power and Influence in Organizations 544

Chapter Summary 557

Suggested Additional Readings 559

References 560

Chapter 11 Team Dynamics and Processes Within Organizations 571

Stages of Team Development 572

Defining Team Effectiveness 575

Models of Team Effectiveness 577

Determinants of Team Effectiveness 588

Within-Team Processes 598

Between Team Processes 607

Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teams 608

People Behind the Research: Dr. Marissa Shuffler 609

Emerging Issues in Teams Research: Virtual Teams and Teams in Extreme Environments 614

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Kara Orvis 615

The Future of Teams in Organizations 621

Chapter Summary 622

References 624

Chapter 12 Organizational Culture and Climate 635

Organizational Culture: Definition and Underlying Structure 636

Models of Organizational Culture 638

Manifestations of Organizational Culture 645

The Development of Organizational Culture 651

Measuring Organizational Culture 652

Changing Organizational Culture 655

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. David Howard 656

The Impact of Organizational Culture 663

Organizational Culture and National Culture 667

Organizational Climate: The Shared Psychological Experience 667

Organizational Outcome Climates 669

Organizational Process Climates 672

Measuring Organizational Climate 674

People Behind the Research: Dr. Jeremy Beus 675

Changing Organizational Climate 677

Future Issues in Organizatiomal Climate Research 678

Chapter Summary 679

Suggested Additional Readings 681

References 681

Chapter 13 Organizational Change and Development 691

What is Organizational Development and Why is It Used? 692

Organizational Development: Historical Foundations and Recent Trends 693

The Theory Base of Organizational Development 698

People Behind the Research: Dr. W. Warner Burke 707

Organizational Change Interventions 711

Conditions that Impact Successful Organizational Change 723

Practitioner Spotlight: Dr. Sandy Fiaschetti 725

Evaluation of Organizational Development Programs 731

Special Issues in Client–Consultant Relationships 738

Chapter Summary 740

Suggested Additional Readings 742

References 742

Chapter 14 Creating Sustainable Organizations in a Warming World 750

Defining Sustainability 751

State of Our Planet: A Brief Introduction to Climate Change and its Impacts 752

Experts from Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior Weigh in 759

Moving Forward: Accelerating the Focus on Sustainability 760

People Behind the Research: Dr. Mindy Engle-Friedman 777

Practitioner Spotlight: Patrick Gaston 779

Everything, Everywhere, All at Once: We Can do This! 781

Chapter Summary 786

Suggested Additional Readings 787

References 787

Index 794