The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Archaeology

Shadreck Chirikure is a British Academy Global Professor at the University of Oxford. He studied at the University of Zimbabwe before pursuing a Masters and PhD in Archaeology at the University of College London. In his work, he applies scientific methods to study ancient materials and technologies. He uses the results of discoveries in the field and laboratory to develop new understands of historic human material relations, conserve heritage, and consider solutions to global challenges, such as colonialism and climate change.

1. Livelihoods, Subsistence, and the Environment
Archaeology of Food Production in the West African Forest Zone (Emuobosa Orijemie)
The Archaeology of Natural Disasters and their Impacts on Ancient East African Communities (Elinaza Mjema)
Côte d'Ivoire Shell Middens: Specificity and Evolution (Siméon Kouassi, Léon Fabrice Loba, and Ettien N'Doua Etienne)
Faunal Exploitation Strategies During the Later Pleistocene in Southern Africa (Gerrit Dusseldorp and Jerome Reynard)
Human and Environment Interactions in Late Iron Age Kenya (Freda Nkirote M'mbogori)
Resilience and Early States in Southern Africa (Munyaradzi Manyanga)
The Shell Midden Sites of Senegambia (Alioune Dème and Moustapha Sall)
Shell Middens and Coastal Prehistory (John Parkington and Ruan Brand)

2. Managing Cultural Heritage
Archaeological Heritage Management in Tanzania (Richard Bigambo)
Communities and Archaeology in Africa (Thabo Manetsi)
Contract Archaeology in South Africa (Ndukuyakhe Ndlovu)
Cultural Heritage and Conflict in Africa (Webber Ndoro)
The Development of Archaeology in Africa (Nonofho Ndobochani)
Development of Contract Archaeology in Southern Africa (Phenyo Thebe)
Heritage and Community in the Sudan (Rebecca Bradshaw and Geoff Emberling)
Heritage Conservation in West Africa (Ishanlosen Odiaua)
Heritage Management in East Africa (Herman Kiriama)
Heritage Management in West Africa (Caleb Folorunso)
The Legal Frameworks of Protecting Archaeology in Africa (Ancila Katsamudanga)
Restitution and Archaeological Collections in Africa (Didier Houenoude, Monica Coralli, and Didier N'Dah)
Rock Art Conservation With a Focus on Southern Africa (Laue, Ghilraen Laue, and Claire Dean)
World Heritage, Sustainable Development, and Africa (Pascall Taruvinga)

3. Methods in African Archaeology
Ancient Human DNA and African Population History (Kendra Sirak, Elizabeth Sawchuk, and Mary Prendergast)
Approaching Identity in Southern Africa over the Last 5000 Years (Tim Forssman)
Archaeoinfomatics (Erich Fisher)
Archaeologies of the Recent and Contemporary Past in Africa (Rachel King)
Bioarchaeology in The Nile Valley (Jenail Marshall and Michele Buzon)
Faunal Analysis in African Archaeology (Jessica Thompson)
Genetics and Domestic Fauna in Southern Africa (K. Ann Horsburgh)
Isotopes and Diet in African Hominins and Hunter-gatherers (Emma Loftus)
Maritime Archaeological Research in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bruno Werz)
Recognizing Pastoralism in the Archaeological Record of the Sudan (Michael Brass, Isabelle Vella Gregory, Ahmed Adam, and Rayan Abdallah)
A Southern African Perspective on the Contribution of Charcoal Analyses to Archaeology (Joseph Chikumbirike, and Marion Bamford)
Southern Africa's Later Stone Age and Hunter-Gatherer Ethnography (Tim Forssman)

4. Social Organization
African Middle Stone Age (Alex Blackwood and Jayne Wilkins)
The Archaeology and History of Human Diseases in the Zimbabwean Past (Pauline Chiripanhura, Ancila Katsamudanga, and Justen Manasa)
Archaeology in Sudan: A Sudanese Perspective (Ahmed Adam and Shadia Taha)
The Archaeology of Feasts and Feasting in Africa (Liza Gijanto)
Archaeology of Igboland, Southeastern Nigeria (Chioma Ngonadi)
The Archaeology of Missionization in Colonial Senegambia (Johanna Pacyga)
The Archaeology of Missions in Southern Africa (Natalie Swanepoel)
The Archaeology of Soapstone Figurines in West Africa (Kolawole Adekola)
Chronology of the Hominin Sites of Southern Africa (Andy Herries)
The Early Iron Age of Botswana(Catrien van Waarden)
Early Middle Stone Age in South Africa (Sarah Wurz)
Early states and Complex Societies in Eastern and Southern Africa (Chapurukha Kusimba)
Eastern African Stone Age (Yonatan Sahle)
Ethnoarchaeology of Cattle in Zimbabwe and Surrounds (Plan Shenjere-Nyabezi)
Ethnoarchaeology of Coffee in Ethiopia (Worku Derara)
Gender in African Metallurgy (Louise Iles)
Glass Beads of 7th to 17th century CE Sub-Saharan Africa (Marilee Wood)
Hunter-Gatherer and Farmer Interactions in Uganda (Elizabeth Kyazike)
Hunter-Gatherer Women (Marlize Lombard and Katharine Kyriacou)
The Internal African Slave Trade as History and Representation (Marcos Leitão De Almeida)
The Medieval Archaeology of Somaliland (Jorge de Torres Rodriguez)
Megalithism and Territoriality in Eastern Adamawa Plateau (Etienne Zangato)
The Middle Stone Age of South Africa (Gregor Bader, Viola Schmid, and Andrew Kandel)
Modern Human Behavior (Pamela Willoughby)
Musical Bows in the Rock Art of Southern Africa (Joshua Kumbani and Oliver Vogels)
Northeastern African Stone Age (Alice Leplongeon)
Ochre Use in the Middle Stone Age (Tammy Hodgskiss)
The OsteoDontoKeratic Culture (Patrick Randolph-Quinney and Anthony Sinclair)
Ostrich Eggshell Beads in Later Stone Age Contexts (Benjamin Collins)
People, Plants, Animals, and Formlings in the Rock Art of Zimbabwe (Ancila Nhamo)
Plant Use (Anna Maria Mercuri)
Politics of Identity in Maloti-Drakensberg Rock Art Research (Andrew Skinner)
Salt Production, Use, and Trade (Alexander Antonites)
Shifting Sedentism in West Africa ( Sirio Canós-Donnay)
Southern African Stone Age (Nuno Bicho)
The Stone Age of the Middle Nile Valley (Elena Garcea)
The Swahili Civilization in Eastern Africa (Elgidius Ichumbaki and Edward Pollard)
The Trade, Use, and Circulation of Elephant Ivory in Sub-Saharan Africa Over the Longue Durée (Paul Lane and Ashley Coutu)
Urbanization in the Middle Niger of Mali (Roderick McIntosh)
West African Iron Production in its Cultural Context (Philip de Barros)
The West African Stone Age (Philip Allsworth-Jones)

5. Technology
Archaeological Adhesives (Geeske Langejans, Alessandro Aleo, Sebastian Fajardo, and Paul Kozowyk)
Aterian (Elena Garcea)
Bone Tool Technology in the Stone Age of Africa (Justin Bradfield)
Central African Copper (Nicolas Nikis)
Copper and Copper Alloys at the Time of the Kingdoms of Ghana and Mali (Laurence Garenne-Marot)
The Fauresmith and Cultural Dynamics at the End of the Southern African Earlier Stone Age (Michael Chazan)
Fire Use (Silje Bentsen)
The First Emergence of Ceramic Production in Africa (Eric Huysecom)
Glass Beads in West Africa (Abidemi Babatunde Babalola)
Hafting technology in the Stone Age of southern Africa (Margaret-Ashley Veall)
Heat Treatment (Patrick Schmidt)
Howiesons Poort (Paloma de la Peña)
Levallois (Michael Chazan)
Lupemban (Nicholas Taylor)
Origins of African Metallurgy (Augustin Holl)
Pre-Industrial Mining and Metallurgy in Africa (Foreman Bandama)
Sangoan (Nicholas Taylor)
Senegambian Macrolithism in its West African Context (Demba Kebe)
Sibudan (Manuel Will)
Techno-Cultural Groups of the Middle Paleolithic of West Africa (Djidere Balde)
West African Acheulean (Djibril Thiam and Isis Mesfin)