Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently a Reader in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster and honorary fellow at King's College London in the United Kingdom. He presently directs studies on metabolic pathways involved in liver disease, particularly related to mitochondrial energy regulation and cell death. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol, and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of liver disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease and gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism. Dr. Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King's College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Dr. Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher, and was involved in several NIH-funded biomedical grants related to alcoholic liver disease. Dr. Patel has edited biomedical books in the area of toxic agents (alcohol) and health prevention, and has published over 150 articles. In 2014, he was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRCPath, FRSC, is a senior member of King's College London in the United Kingdom. He is also Director of the Genomics Centre and a member of the School of Medicine. Professor Preedy has academic interests in addictions and substance misuse. He is a member of the Editorial Board of Drug and Alcohol Dependence, as well as Associate Editor of Frontiers in Addictive Disorders. He is a founding member of the Editorial Board of Addiction Biology. In his career Professor Preedy was attached to the Addictive Behaviour Centre at the Roehampton Institute, and also Reader at the School of Pharmacy London. He has collaborated with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, the United States, and Germany. Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. He gained his PhD at the University of London in 1981. In 1992, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists and in 1993 he gained his second Doctoral degree, for his contribution to the science of protein metabolism in health and disease largely focused around the impact of ethanol as an addictive substance. Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Biology in 1995 and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000. Since then he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (2004) and The Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene (2004). In 2009, Professor Preedy became a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health and in 2012 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 600 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts, and symposium presentations, reviews, and numerous books and volumes.

[1] Foundations of Understanding and Setting the SceneGlobal patterns of opioid misuse Prof. L. Degenhardt, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail: l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au
The global burden of disease attributable to agents of addiction: a focus on alcohol Prof. L. Degenhardt, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail: l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au
Linking attitudes to substance misuse: the opinions of the young Prof. N. Hamzaoglu, Institution of Medical Science, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Maltepe Mahallesi, Yilanli Ayazma Caddesi, No: 26 P.K. Cevizlibag Zeytinburnu, Istanbul 34010, Turkey. E-mail: nurcanhamzaoglu@gmail.com
Drivers of substance use and misuse: a focus on opiods Prof. J.R. Thompson, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States. E-mail: jrthompson@pitt.edu
Quality of life and treatment for substance use Prof. V. Manning, Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, 110 Church Street, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia. E-mail: victoria.manning@monash.edu
Treatment programs: what they are and how they work with a focus on opioids Prof. J.G. Katzman, Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, MSC 07 4245, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, United States. E-mail: jkatzman@salud.unm.edu
Linking problematic internet use and other addictions and substance misuse: a focus on alcohol and cannabis Prof. S. Lanthier-Labonte, 1255, rue Beauregard, Longueuil, Quebec J4K 2M3, Canada. E-mail: stephanie.lanthier-labonte@USherbrooke.ca
Chronic pain and prescription opioid addiction Prof. B.G. Messina, Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, United States. E-mail: bmessina@ucsd.edu
Socioeconomic status and drug use among students Prof. S. Molinaro, Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology-IFC, National Research Council of Italy-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, Pisa 56124, Italy. E-mail: sabrina.molinaro@ifc.cnr.it
Substance use disorders. the elderly and public health concerns Prof. L. Li, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St. Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06510, United States. E-mail: luming.li@yale.edu

[2] TobaccoBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may also briefly describe public heath aspects as well.
Lung Injury and e-Cigarette (Vaping) Prof. J.A. Wilken, California Department of Public Health, Building P, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA 94804, United States. E-mail: jason.wilken@cdph.ca.gov OR Prof. S.S. Kumbhar, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Ave., MS-721, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States. E-mail: skumbhar@chw.org
Cigarette use and none lung conditions: a focus on periodontal disease Prof. S.-I. Jang, Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. E-mail: jangsi@yuhs.ac
E-cigarettes and effects on neurological systems Prof. M. Aschner, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States. E-mail: michael.aschner@einsteinmed.org
Tobacco products and cancer (focus on Waterpipe Hookah)Prof. B.K. Kudhair, Department of Laboratory Investigations, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq. E-mail: bassamk.sharuza@uokufa.edu.iq
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Poly-tobacco use Prof. J. McQuoid, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States. E-mail: Julia.mcquoid@ucsf.edu
Secondhand smoking: impact on health Prof. C.S. Hadjichristodoulou, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly Faculty of Medicine, Larissa, Greece. E-mail: xhatzi@med.uth.gr
E-cigarettes and youths: public health concerns Prof. M.J. Eisenberg, Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada. E-mail: mark.eisenberg@mcgill.ca
National tobacco control policies Prof. J.K. Lee, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: ephljk@nus.edu.sg
Smoking cessation practices: public health impact Prof. Y. Weiss, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. E-mail: yonatan.weiss@medportal.ca
Employee tobacco outcomes and tobacco-policy Prof. C.M. Kava, Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1107 NE 45th St., Seattle, WA 98105, United States. E-mail: ckava@uw.edu
Linking tobacco use and opioid use disorders: public health implications Prof. M.D. Cheatle, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 500, Room 541, United States. E-mail: cheatle@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
[3] AlcoholBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe public heath aspects as well.
Alcoholic liver disease Prof. T. Miloh, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States. E-mail: Tamir.miloh@bcm.edu OR Prof. G. Szabo, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States. E-mail: gyongyi.szabo@umassmed.edu
Alcohol and lungs Prof. V. Sivaraman, North Carolina Central University, MTSC 2104, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, United States. E-mail: vsivaram@nccu.edu
Alcohol-induced deaths Prof. S.M. Manson, Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 13055 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States. E-mail: spero.manson@cuanschutz.edu
Alcohol and cancer Prof. S.B. Meyer, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. E-mail: samantha.meyer@uwaterloo.ca
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
The extent of drinking: a focus on alcohol consumption in young adults Prof. C. Tabernero, Department of Social Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Leon-INCYL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain. E-mail: carmen.tabernero@usal.es
Public health policies on alcohol Prof. H. Jiang, Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Level 5, HS2, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia. E-mail: Jason.Jiang@latrobe.edu.au
Taxation of beer as a public health strategy Prof. B. Vandenberg, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Level 5, Building H, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, Victoria 3145, Australia. E-mail: Brian.Vandenberg@monash.edu
Government monopoly, alcohol Prof. R. Room, Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia. E-mail: R.Room@latrobe.edu.au
The alcohol purchase license: features, applications and public health implications Prof. B. Johnson, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 600 East Genesee Street, Syracuse, NY 13202, United States. E-mail: johnsonb@upstate.edu
Alcohol use among different groups: Hispanic Americans and public health implications Prof. P.P. Lui, Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, United States. E-mail: plui@smu.edu
Service use for alcohol problems Prof. J.L. Bourdon, From Washington University in St. Louis, (JLB, RT, MWF, KKB, VVM), St. Louis, MO, United States. E-mail: jlbourdon@wustl.edu
Mass media strategies, and alcohol related policies: Implications for public health Prof. A.S.P. Christensen, Department of Prevention & Information, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: asc@cancer.dk

[4] CannabinoidsBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Endocannabinoid signaling Prof. S. Patel, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States. E-mail: sachin.patel@vanderbilt.edu
Neurobiology, memory and cannabis Prof. T. Rubino, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Manara 7, Busto Arsizio, VA 21052, Italy. E-mail: tiziana.rubino@uninsubria.it
Synthetic cannabinoids Prof. J.J. Keating, Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. E-mail: jj.keating@ucc.ie
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Impact of parental cannabis: Implications for public health Prof. N. Berthelot, Professor of Psychology, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Department of Nursing Sciences, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec G9A 5H7, Canada. E-mail: nicolas.berthelot@uqtr.ca
Linking cannabis usage and illicit drugs use: Implications for public health Prof. E. Mehanovic, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Torino 10043, Italy. E-mail: emina.mehanovic@unito.it
Gender and cannabis usage Prof. N. Hemsing, Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada. E-mail: nhemsing@cw.bc.ca
Cannabis and violence Prof. N.S. Miller, CEO of Health Advocates PLLC, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States. E-mail: milleradvocatespllc@outlook.com
Monitoring cannabis usage Prof. P. Olla, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor N9B 3P4, Canada. E-mail: phillip.olla@uwindsor.ca
Cannabis legalization and policy Prof. D. Hammond, School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. E-mail: dhammond@uwaterloo.ca
Public health issues of legalizing cannabis Prof. W. Hall, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia. E-mail: w.hall@uq.edu.au
Cannabis and regulatory approaches Prof. M.J. Eisenberg, Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada. E-mail: mark.eisenberg@mcgill.ca

[5] CaffeineBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Caffeine metabolism: measures and polymorphisms Prof. Y. Ishii, Ohyaguchi 30-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan. E-mail: ishii.yukimoto@nihon-u.ac.jp
Caffeine and impact on blood vessels Prof. S.F. Cortes, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail: sfcortes@icb.ufmg.br
Acute caffeine and biology effects on muscle Prof. J. Del Coso, Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain. E-mail: juan.delcoso@urjc.es
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Caffeine consumption over time Prof. G.R. Quadra, Laboratorio de Ecologia Aquatica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil. E-mail: gabrielle.quadra@ecologia.ufjf.br
Caffeine consumption in defined populations: students Prof. V.P.K. Sriperumbuduru, Unit of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia. E-mail: drpawansp@gmail.com
Caffeine and fetal health: implications for public health Prof. S. Moosavi, Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: moosavisanaz@yahoo.com
Problematic caffeine use: features and treatments Prof. M.M. Sweeney, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States. E-mail: marymsweeney@jhmi.edu
Caffeine, sleep and treatments and public health implications Prof. S. Cho, Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea. E-mail: scho@pknu.ac.kr
Acute caffeine and athletes Prof. M. Wilk, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland. E-mail: m.wilk@awf.katowice.pl
Caffeine consumption and cancer risk Prof. L. Yaghjyan, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. E-mail: lyaghjyan@ufl.edu
Caffeine and blood pressure: A narrative Prof. R. De Giuseppe, Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. E-mail: rachele.degiuseppe@unipv.it

[6] Areca and KhatBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Areca alkaloids Prof. A.A. Franke, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States. E-mail: adrian@cc.hawaii.edu
Assessment of effects of areca and fibrosis Prof. E. Aftab, Peoples Nursing School (PNS), LUMHS, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. E-mail: rattiisaacraja@gmail.com
The Catha Edulis Cathinone and brain metabolites Prof. F. Islam, Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Ministry of Education, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: drfislam@gmail.com
Cathinone and Cytochrome P450 Prof. Y. Pan, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia. E-mail: panyan1980@hotmail.com
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Areca nut trade Prof. S. Arora, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. E-mail: arorashells76@yahoo.co.in
Areca-nuts and cancer Prof. R.V. Pillai, Volunteers Against Smoking and Tobacco, Tiruchirapalli, India. E-mail: vregu@yahoo.co.in
Areca nut chewing and oral health Prof. I.E. Rieuwpassa, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. E-mail: drgirene@yahoo.com
Global policy on areca nut rof. H. Mehrtash, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States. E-mail: hedieh.mehrtash@nih.gov
Khat abuse in defined populations: prisoners Prof. Y. Yitayih, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. E-mail: yemenu2007@gmail.com
Khat and driving (author to include other agents but describe khat first Prof. E. Han, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea. E-mail: homepage2600@duksung.ac.kr
Khat derived agents and misuse: a focus on methylmethcathinone Prof. A. Ameline, Institut de medecine legale, 11, rue Humann, Strasbourg 67085, France. E-mail: ameline.alice@gmail.com
Khat consumption and household economies Prof. Z.G. Gudata, Haramaya University, CHAMPS Ethiopia, Harar, Ethiopia. E-mail: zergirma@gmail.com
Khat, cathinone and psychostimulantion Prof. S.J. Simmons, Center for Substance Abuse Research (CSAR), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 881A, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States. E-mail: steven.james.simmons@gmail.com

[7] Prescription Medications and OpioidsBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Disordered eating and prescription stimulants Prof. S.K. Nutley, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States. E-mail: snutley@ufl.edu
Prescription opioid abuse and modelling substrains K.K. Szumlinski, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States. E-mail: karen.szumlinski@psych.ucsb.edu
The orexin system, prescription opioid use disorder and Orexin-1 receptor blockade Prof. A. Matzeu, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States. E-mail: amatzeu@scripps.edu
Biology of morphine addiction Prof. J. Listos, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a St, Lublin 20-093, Poland. E-mail: a.listos@umlub.pl
Brain areas heroin addiction Prof. C. Zhang, Department of Psychology & Key Laboratory of Psychological Assessment and Rehabilitation for Exceptional Children, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjing Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China. E-mail: neurobiologyzhang@yahoo.com
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Linking prescription opioid use and other drugs Prof. K. DeBeck, Simon Fraser University, B.C. Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada. E-mail: bccsu-kd@bccsu.ubc.ca
Prescription opiod and cocaine users: Prof. Y. Liu, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. E-mail: yliu26@ufl.edu
Prescription drug misuse and cannabis Prof. E.V. Fedorova, Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. E-mail: evf26@drexel.edu
Young people and prescription pain relievers extra-medically Prof. M.A. Parker, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1 South Prospect Street, SATC-UHC, Burlington, VT 05401, United States. E-mail: maria.parker@uvm.edu
Students performance and prescription stimulant and opioid misuse rof. T.S. Schepis, Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States. E-mail: schepis@txstate.edu
Prescription opioid use, pain and negative affects Prof. J. Stevens, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States. E-mail: Jack.Stevens@nationwidechildrens.org
Misuse of gabapentinas a prescription drugs, Prof. M.E. Buttram, ARSH: Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Ave., Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, United States. E-mail: mance.buttram@nova.edu
Geographic patterns and prescription opioids: a focus on New York Prof. J.L. Romeiser, Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States. E-mail: Jamie.Romeiser@stonybrookmedicine.edu
Heroin addiction Prof. K. Szott, Sociology and Anthropology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, United States. E-mail: kszott@gmail.com
Causes of heroin use Prof. X. Yang, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States. E-mail: xyang@odu.edu
Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of Extended-Release Morphine Prof. E.R. Kinzler, Inspirion Delivery Sciences, LLC, Morristown, NJ, United States. E-mail: eric.kinzler@inspirionrx.com

[8] StimulantsBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
The biology of cocaine midbrain circuits Prof. S.J. Simmons, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States. E-mail: steven.james.simmons@gmail.com
Psychological and brain-behaviour of methphetamine dependence Prof. M. Alikhani, Department of Psychiatry, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: M.alikhani18@yahoo.com
The biology of amphetamine and linking in accumbal dopamine Prof. G.L. Forster, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. E-mail: gina.forster@otago.ac.nz
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Substance use patterns in cocaine users Prof. Y. Liu, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. E-mail: yliu26@ufl.edu
Cocaine consumption by wastewater analysis Prof. J. Navarro-Zaragoza, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Spain. E-mail: jnavarrozaragoza@um.es
Adulterants in drugs: cocaine perspectives Prof. A.P. Trevizol, Centro de Referencia de Alcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Secretaria de Saude do Estado de Sao Paulo, Rua Prates, 165, Bom Retiro, Sao Paulo, SP 01120-001, Brazil. E-mail: alisson.trevizol@hotmail.com
Methamphetamine: Prevalence usage and its prevalence Prof. S.A. Larson, Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States. E-mail: samantha.larson@ufl.edu
Crystal methamphetamine and sexual risk Prof. M.J. Mimiaga, Center for Health Equity Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States. E-mail: matthew_mimiaga@brown.edu
Chronic methamphetamine and psychosis pathways Prof. M. van den Buuse, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. E-mail: m.vandenbuuse@latrobe.edu.au
Impact of amphetamine exposure during adolescence Prof. S.R. Boomhower, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Bldg 1, Boston, MA, United States. E-mail: sboomhower@hsph.harvard.edu
Amphetamine in urine: impact and implications for public health Prof. E. Gallardo, Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilha 6201-556, Portugal. E-mail: egallardo@fcsaude.ubi.pt
Sensitization to amphetamine Prof. J. Harro, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. E-mail: jaanus.harro@ut.ee
Depression and quality of life in amphetamine addiction Prof. A. Ahmadzade, Kolahdooz Alley, Ansarolhossein Street, Azadegan Plaza, Qom 37198-68791, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: ahmadzadeh.a68@gmail.com

[9] Club DrugsBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and synaptic dopamine Prof. N.B. Mercuri, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, Roma 00143, Italy. E-mail: mercurin@med.uniroma2.it
MDMA (ecstasy) and apoptosis Prof. A. Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: EbrahimzadehBA@mums.ac.ir
Flunitrazepam and cardiac effects Prof. W.J. Jeong, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea. E-mail: gardenjun@hanmail.net
GHB and brain functionProf. F. Raposo Pereira, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Amsterdam, AMC (PA.3-220), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ 1105, Netherlands. E-mail: f.raposopereira@amc.uva.nl
GHB and cortex functioni Prof. F. Raposo Pereira, AMC (PA.3-220), Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ 1105, Netherlands. E-mail: f.raposopereira@amc.uva.nl
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Club drug users and STI Prof. C. Grov, CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, NY 10027, United States. E-mail: cgrov@sph.cuny.edu
Club drug use in a single geographical regions Georgia Prof. D. Otiashvili, Addiction Research Centre, Alternative Georgia, 14a Nutsubidze Street, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia. E-mail: dato@altgeorgia.ge
Adolescents and club drug usage Prof. J.F. Williams, Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MD 7802, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States. E-mail: jawilliams@uthscsa.edu
Life threatening 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) usage Prof. F.K. Chu, Accident and Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China. E-mail: chukcfrancis0429@yahoo.com.hk
Behavioural aspects of MDMA Prof. B.A. Ellenbroek, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: bart.ellenbroek@vuw.ac.nz
Acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and sleep Prof. L.L. Howell, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States. E-mail: lhowell@emory.edu
GHB in beverages and hair Prof. L. Meng, Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Shoushan Road 59, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350007, China. E-mail: mengliang@fjpsc.edu.cn
GHB and driving performance Prof. R. Giorgetti, Section of Legal Medicine, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Via Conca 71, Torrette, AN 60126, Italy. E-mail: r.giorgetti@univpm.it
Screening of flunitrazepam: community impcations Prof. M.I. Prodromidis, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina (UOI), Ioannina 45110, Greece. E-mail: mprodrom@uoi.gr

[10] Dissociative DrugsBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Phencyclidine (PCP) and the tryptophan-kynurenine Prof. H. Fujigaki, Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan. E-mail: fujigaki@fujita-hu.ac.jp
Metabolic effects of ketamine Prof. L. Liao, 8th Floor, Fa Yi Building, No. 16, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, China. E-mail: linchuanliao@scu.edu.cn
Ketamine and tissue pathology: a focus on reproductive function Prof. M.G. Paulis, Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. E-mail: melad.boulis@mu.edu.eg
Organ pathology and dextromethorphan abuse Prof. E. Bottei, Iowa Poison Control Center. E-mail: edward.bottei@unitypoint.org
Salvia divinorum and the biology of pain Prof. M.E. Gonzalez-Trujano, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria "Ramon de la Fuente", Av. Mexico-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco Delegacion Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico. E-mail: evag@imp.edu.mx
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
"Angel Dust" reactions in misusers: Prof. F. Grossenbacher, CHU de Reims, Reims 51100, France. E-mail: fgrossenbacher@chu-reims.fr
Fatal reactions to "Angel Dust" Prof. F. Grossenbacher, CHU de Reims, pole URAD, 45, rue cognacq-jay, Reims 51092, France. E-mail: fgrossenbacher@chu-reims.fr
Katanin misuse and the brain: Striatal functional connectivity Prof. T.S.-H. Lee, Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section One, He-Ping East Road, Taipei 10610, Taiwan (Republic of China). E-mail: tonylee@ntnu.edu.tw
Depressive in Ketamine-Dependence Prof. M.-C. Huang, Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China). E-mail: mch@tpech.gov.tw
Salvia divinorum misuse Prof. F. Pellicer, Instituto Nacional de Psquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Calzada Mexico, Xochimilco 101, Col Huipulco CP 14370, CDMX, Mexico. E-mail: pellicer@imp.edu.mx
Chronic dextromethorphan abuse Prof. S. Monks, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive CB# 7594, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States. E-mail: sarah.monks@unchealth.unc.edu

[11] HallucinogensBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Pharmacologic actions of LSD Prof. A.L. Halberstadt, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States. E-mail: ahalberstadt@ucsd.edu
LSD and resting brain function Prof. B. Stefan, University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland. E-mail: Stefan.Borgwardt[at]upkbs.ch
Psilocybin and serotonin receptors Prof. G.M. Knudsen, Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark. E-mail: gmk@nru
Peyote and mescaline and their biological effects Prof. R.J. Dinis-Oliveira, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)-CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal. E-mail: ricardinis@sapo.pt
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Human research with LSD Prof. K.R. Bonson, Controlled Substance Staff, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States. E-mail: katherine.bonson@fda.hhs.gov
Psilocybin and use in depression Prof. K.P.C. Kuypers, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. E-mail: k.kuypers@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Psilocybin and subjective effects Prof. C.R. Nicholas, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1100 Delaplaine Ct, Madison, WI 53715, United States. E-mail: Christopher.nicholas@fammed.wisc.edu
Impact of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Prof. N. Family, Eleusis Benefit Corporation, New York, NY, United States. E-mail: neiloufar.family@eleusisltd.com
"God encounter experiences" and LSD Prof. R.R. Griffiths, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, United States. E-mail: rgriff@jhmi.edu
LSD and time perception Prof. D.B. Terhune, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, 8 Lewisham Way, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom. E-mail: d.terhune@gold.ac.uk
LSD: fatalities, toxicity and restraints Prof. D.E. Nichols, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States. E-mail: drdave@purdue.edu

[12] Steroids and InhalantsBiological AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.
Abused inhalants and GABA Prof. M. B. MacIver, Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, SUMC S288 MC 5177, Stanford, CA 94305-5117, United States. E-mail: maciver@stanford.edu
Stimulus Effects of Inhalants Prof. K.L. Shelton, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Room 746, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, United States. E-mail: klshelto@vcu.edu
Brain cells and inhalant abuse Prof. S.A. Kahn, Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Burns, Arnold Luterman Regional Burn Center, University of South Alabama Medical Center, 2451 Fillingim St, Suite 10-Q, Mobile, AL 36617, United States. E-mail: skahn@health.southalabama.edu
Poppers: biology Prof. J. Brown, UNSW Sydney. E-mail: jared.brown@health.nsw.gov.au
Public Health AspectsAuthors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.
Abuse of anabolic steroids Prof. M. Moayedi, Nursing and Midwifery Science Development Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: Mahnaz7574@gmail.com
Anabolic steroids misuse by adolescents Prof. M. Roccella, Corso dei Mille 972, Palermo 90123, Italy. E-mail: michele.roccella@unipa.it
Inhalant use in the workplace (author to describe other drugs) Prof. R.J. Dinis-Oliveira, IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal. E-mail: ricardinis@med.up.pt
Inhalants and other drugs in 2 generations Prof. J.M. Najman, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia. E-mail: j.najman@sph.uq.edu.au
"popper" (amyl nitrite inhalant) use Prof. N. Pepper, San Diego State University, School of Social Work, 5500 Campanile Drive, Hepner Hall 119, San Diego, CA 92182-4119, United States. E-mail: npepper@ucsd.edu

[13] International AspectsIndian aspects of non-drug addiction: Internet addiction Prof. A. Davey, Department of Community Medicine, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, India. E-mail: dranuradha.davey786@gmail.com
Food addiction: China aspects Prof. D. Wen, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China. E-mail: dlwen@cmu.edu.cn
Self-reported addictions, tobacco smoking and policy in Egypt Prof. A. Mostafa, Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: aya.kamaleldin@med.asu.edu.eg
Alcohol licensing trusts: New Zealand aspects Prof. M. Rychert, SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, PO Box 6137, Wellesley Street, Auckland 1147, New Zealand. E-mail: m.rychert@massey.ac.nz
Computer-based application and reduction in alcohol consumption Prof. K.K. Lee, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Indigenous Health and Substance Use, NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Indigenous Health and Alcohol, King George V Building, 83-117 Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. E-mail: kylie.lee@sydney.edu.au
Alcohol consumption trajectories and the Stockholm Public Health Cohort Prof. K. Gemes, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: katalin.gemes@ki.se
Public health aspects of substance use in Asia Prof. J. Chun, Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemungu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea. E-mail: jschun@ewha.ac.kr
Cannabis Usage Students in Africa: Botswana focus Prof. A.A. Olashore, Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana medical school, Gaborone, Botswana. E-mail: olawaleanthonya@gmail.com
Non-drug addiction: Internet addiction in China Prof. L. Kuang, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. E-mail: kuangli0308@163.com

[14] Dual and Polydrug Misuse and AddictionsEthanol and GHB Prof. M. Galicia, Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: miguelgaliciap@hotmail.com
Regulatory model for alcohol and cannabis Prof. M. Rychert, SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, PO Box 6137, Wellesley Street, Auckland 1147, New Zealand. E-mail: m.rychert@massey.ac.nz
Ethanol drinking and methamphetamine Prof. M.J. Beckstead, Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States. E-mail: mike-beckstead@omrf.org
Daily patterns of cannabis and alcohol usage Prof. R. Gunn, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States. E-mail: rachel_gunn@brown.edu
Alcohol and cocaine co-usage Prof. A.K. Tiwari, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States. E-mail: amit.tiwari@utoledo.edu
Alcohol and nicotine co-usage Prof. M.R. Afarinesh, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmachology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: r.afarinesh@kmu.ac.ir

[15] Non-Drug AddictionsNon-drug addiction: Gambling as an addiction Prof. M.N. Potenza, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CMHC Room S-104, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, United States. E-mail: marc.potenza@yale.edu
Non-drug addiction: Mobile phone addiction Prof. H. Salehiniya, School of Public Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: alesaleh70@yahoo.com
Internet addiction and quality of life Prof. K. Solati, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: kamal_solati@yahoo.com
Food addiction and quality of life Prof. A.F. Carvalho, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes 1608, 4o andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-160, Brazil. E-mail: andrefc7@hotmail.com
Non-drug addiction: addiction to work Prof. P.A. Atroszko, Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 4, Gdansk 80-952, Poland. E-mail: p.atroszko@ug.edu.pl

[16] Emerging Addictions and Agents of MisuseNew amphetamine derivatives as emerging drugs of abuse Prof. H.H. Maurer, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saarland D-66421, Germany. E-mail: hans.maurer@uks.eu
3-methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) new psychoactive agent Prof. A. Ameline, Institut de Medecine Legale, Universite de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg 67085, France. E-mail: ameline.alice@gmail.com
New psychoactive substances Prof. B. de Souza Boff, Rua Pastor Willian Richard Schisler Filho, 590 - Itacorubi - Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. E-mail: brunaboff@igp.sc.gov.br
New Psychoactive Substances in the Online Media Prof. S. Kassai, Doctoral School of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u. 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary. E-mail: kassai.szilvia@ppk.elte.hu
New synthetic opioids and misuse Prof. I. Maremmani, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Pisa 56100, Italy. E-mail: maremman@med.unipi.it
Online new psychoactive substances Prof. T.M. Brunt, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, Utrecht, VJ 3500, Netherlands. E-mail: tbrunt@trimbos.nl

[17] Selective Screening Tools, Analytical Methods And ResourcesScreening of new psychoactive substances Prof. L. Hondebrink, Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. E-mail: L.Hondebrink@umcutrecht.nl
Flunitrazepam in body fluids: analysis and implications Prof. X.-P. Lee, Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. E-mail: lee@med.showa-u.ac.jp
Survey questionnaires among homeless youth Prof. K.A. Tyler, Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 717 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0324, United States. E-mail: kim@ktresearch.net
Alcohol screening questionnaires in population settings Prof. C.S. Hendershot, 60 White Squirrel Way Room 423, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada. E-mail: christian.hendershot@utoronto.ca
Cannabis use questionnaires Prof. R. Morell-Gomis, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED), Daimes poligono 2 numero 218, Elche, Alicante 03294, Spain. E-mail: ramonmorell@yahoo.es



Each chapter has the following subsections:
Definitions of words and termsThis is like a mini dictionary that describes or explains key terms or words
Key FactsKey Facts are areas that are expanded to give information to the novice or non-expert or layperson or novice or non-expert. For example it might describe a disease or concept. Or it may describe interesting facts to generate interest: when it was first used or discovered, the oldest recorded incident, the prevalence in the different countries and so on. When using acronyms or abbreviations authors may want to describe in key fact, some area of interest such as when it was founded, who founded it, who funds it and so on. The Key Facts are in bullet form.
Applications To Other Areas of AddictionPotential applications to other addictions, i.e., if the chapter is on alcohol the author will describe applicability to tobacco or prescription medication such as proposed areas of research, cross-transference of concepts or methods of assessment etc.
Applications To Other Areas of Public HealthPotential applications to other areas of public health, i.e., if the chapter is on health education then the author may speculate on heath metrics or governmental policy. Or a chapter on health education in alcohol studies may well include material on health education in obesity or diabetes, including cross-transference of concepts etc.
Summary pointsSummary points are an Abstracted version of the entire chapter in bullet form. They are at least 5 sentences long in bullet form and should be no more than 15 bullets.


Suggested areas to include in the chapters as subheading. This list is distributed to all authors* The number of people using or issuing the agent.o Per person per yearo Per country or region per yearo Global per year* Impact of age: how does the data vary in young and old* Impact of gender: do behaviors or responses in men and women differ* Impact on financial cost: what is the financial costo Per person per yearo Per country or region per yearo Global per year* Quantitative and qualitative measureso Quality of Life measures (QoL)o Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)o Years of life lost (YLL)o Years lived with disability (YLD)o Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)o Health-adjusted life years (HALY)* Impact on societal fabrics* Impact on crime* Impact on Judiciary and law courts* Impact on divorces and the family unit* Impact on children* Impact on self and harm to others* Impact on anger and aggression* Impact on educational attainment* Impact on medical care* Effects on mental health* Effects on physical health.* The diagnosis or assessment of addiction, misuse or effects of addictions* Prevention: Education of individuals or communities* Prevention: Solving the problem by different means* Policies and procedures* Law enforcement and legislation* Provision of health care* Evaluation of current strategies and policies* Suggesting current strategies and policies