Museums, Ethics and Cultural Heritage

Bernice L. Murphy is the former National Director, Museums Australia (Canberra), and Chair of the ICOM Ethics Committee from 2005-2011. She is also former Director of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney (1984–2008). She served nine years (six as Vice-President) on the International Council of Museums Executive Council (1995–2004). She has published since the 1970s on exhibitions, art museums and contemporary art (including Indigenous art) and is the current editor of Museums Australia magazine.

Introductions:
i ICOM Turns 70: Ethics and the Value Creation Role of Museums
Hans-Martin Hinz

ii The role of museums in the twenty-first century
Anne Catherine Robert-Hauglustaine

iii The Work of the ICOM Ethics Committee
Martin Schärer

iv Introduction
Bernice L Murphy

PART I: Museums and ethics, the ICOM Code, and evolving standards for museums’ heritage care and social commitment
1 ICOM’s present Code: ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums (2004)
Geoffrey Lewis

2 Ethical Issues and Standards for Natural History Museums
Eric Dorfman

3 Reversing the De-realisation of Natural and Social Phenomena: Ethical Issues for Museums in a Multidisciplinary Context
Michel Van-Praët

PART II: International Action on Protection of the World’s Cultural Heritage and Biosphere
4 UNESCO’s Actions and International Standards for Museums
Mechtild Rossler, and Nao Hayashi

5 The UNESCO Recommendation on the Protection and Promotion of Museums and Collections, their Diversity and Role in Society
François Mairesse

6 Protecting Cultural Heritage at Risk: an International Public Service Mission for ICOM
France Desmarais

7 Dances with Intellectual Property: Museums, Monetization and Digitization
Rina Pantalony

8 Stolen and Illegally Exported Artifacts in Collections: Key Issues for Museums within a Legal Framework
Marilyn Phelan

9 Advice and Support in the Recovery of Lost Art : The Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste Michael Franz

PART III: Heritage Care and Ethics Through the Lens of Multiple Cultures and Regions
10 Unchanging Ethics in a Changing World
Gary Edson
11 New Models of Shared Heritage and Collection Access: Museum Island and Humboldt Forum in Berlin
Herman Parzinger

12 A Museum Triangle: Ethics, Standards of Care, and the Pleasure of Perception
Dorota Folga- Januszewska

13 The Odyssey of Nature and Science Museums from Apollo to the Anthropocene
Emlyn Koster

14 The Chinese Museum: Transformation and Change through Ethics Construction
An Laishun

15 Ethics, Museology and Professional Training in Japan
Eiji Mizushima

PART IV: Provenance research, evolving issues and new directions across a changing landscape for collections
16 Advocating for International Collaborations: WWII-era Provenance Research in Museums Jane Milosch

17 ‘Definitely Stolen?’: Why There Is No Alternative to Provenance Research in Archaeological Museums
Markus Hilgert

18 Deaccessioning: some reflections
François Mairesse

19 Ethics in a Changing Social Landscape: Community Engagement and Public Participation in Museums.
Sally Yerkovitch

20 Conservation – How Ethics Work in Practice
Stephanie de Roemer

PART V: ‘Torn History’, Reshaping an Integrated Heritage, and Repatriation Issues
21 Using the Past to Forge a Future: Challenges of Uniting a Nation against Skeletal Odds Bongani Ndhlovu

22 Exhibiting Contentious and Difficult Histories: Ethics, Emotions and Reflexivity
Sharon Macdonald

23 Native America in the Twenty-First Century: Journeys in Cultural Governance and Museum Interpretation
W. Richard West, Jr.

24 Afro-descendent Heritage and its Unacknowledged Legacy in Latin American Museum Representation
Monica Gorgas

25 In Search of the Inclusive Museum
Amareswar Galla

PART VI: Case-Studies, Ethical Dilemmas and Ethics-in-Action
26 The Lombroso Museum in Turin: A Reflection on the Exhibition and Scientific Study of Human Remains
Alberto Garlandini & Stefano Montaldo

27 The Auschwitz-Birkenow Museum and a Claim to Portraits of Holocaust Victims Made by Artist Dinah Gottliebová Babitt
Vojtěch Blodig

28 The Mask of Ka-nefer-nefer
Regine Schulz

29 Ethics versus Law: The restitution of The Miracle of St Anthony by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Aedín MacDevitt

30 Ethics in Action: Situational Scenarios Turning the Keys to the Code of Ethics
Eva Maehre Lauritzen