Archaeomineralogy (eBook)

Preface and Reader’s Guide 5
Preface to the Second Edition 7
Contents 9
List of Figures 13
Introduction and History 16
1.1 Prologue 16
1.2 Organization of the Book 17
1.3 The Ancient Authors 19
1.3.1 Classical Authors 21
1.3.2 Medieval Authors 25
1.3.3 Arab Authors 29
1.3.4 Chinese and Indian Authors 30
Properties of Minerals 32
2.1 Mineral Chemistry 32
2.2 Mineral Structure 32
2.3 Mineral Identification Methods 2.3.1 Element Analyses 36
2.3.2 Petrographic Analyses 38
2.3.3 Physical Methods of Identification 40
2.4 Color of Minerals 42
Exploitation of Mineral and Rock Raw Materials 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Rock Classification and Properties 60
3.3 Igneous Rocks 60
3.3.1 Extrusive Igneous Rocks 62
3.3.2 Intrusive Igneous Rocks 65
3.4 Sedimentary Rocks 67
3.4.1 Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks 69
3.4.2 Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks 70
3.4.3 Pyroclastic Sedimentary Rocks 72
3.5 Metamorphic Rocks 72
3.6 Unconsolidated Deposits 3.6.1 Surface Deposits 76
3.6.2 Placer Deposits 77
3.6.3 Residual Deposits 78
3.7 Outcrops, Mining, and Quarrying 79
Lithic Materials 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Microcrystalline Quartz 90
4.3 Other Siliceous Rocks 96
4.3.1 Quartzite 96
4.3.2 Opal 97
4.3.3 Felsite 98
4.3.4 Rhyolite/Andesite 98
4.3.5 Siliceous Shale/Slate/Schist 98
4.4 Obsidian 99
4.5 Other Minerals and Rocks 102
Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ceremonial Stones 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Quartz Minerals (SiO 108
) 108
5.2.1 Crystalline Varieties 108
5.2.2 Cryptocrystalline Varieties 110
5.3 Non-Quartz Silicates and Minerals 5.3.1 Coarse- Grained 114
5.3.2 Fine-Grained 120
5.3.3 Glassy 125
5.4 Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals 5.4.1 Coarse- Grained 125
5.4.2 Fine-Grained 126
5.5 Oxide Minerals 127
5.6 Organic Gems 130
5.7 Other Gem Minerals 133
5.7.1 Sulfide Minerals 134
Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Serpentinite 136
6.3 Steatite and Soapstone 139
6.3.1 Asbestos 142
6.4 Alabaster and Gypsum 142
6.5 Limestone and Marble 146
6.6 Catlinite 149
6.7 Other Carved Stone 150
6.8 Sedimentary Rocks 151
6.9 Volcanic Rocks 154
6.10 Miscellaneous Rocks 155
Metals and Related Minerals and Ores 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Gold (Au) 160
7.3 Silver (Ag) 166
7.4 Native Copper (Cu) 168
7.5 Other Copper Minerals 172
7.5.1 The Copper Ore Minerals 178
7.6 Iron (Fe) 180
7.7 Iron Minerals 183
7.8 Tin (Sn) Minerals 185
7.9 Lead (Pb) Minerals 190
7.10 Zinc (Zn) Minerals 192
7.11 Other Ore Minerals and Metals 194
7.12 Oxidation of Metallic Ores 195
Ceramic Raw Materials 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Clays 198
8.3 Pottery 202
8.4 Tempers 203
8.5 Glazes 205
8.6 Porcelain 207
8.7 Glass 208
8.8 Faience 211
8.9 Fired-Brick, Tile, and Terracotta 212
8.10 Refractory Ceramics 214
Pigments and Colorants 215
9.1 The Nature of Pigments and Colorants 215
9.2 Historical Background 217
9.3 Iron Oxide Compounds 221
9.4 Manganese Compounds 226
9.5 Copper Compounds 226
9.6 Lead Compounds 227
9.7 Carbon Compounds 229
9.8 Sulfide Compounds 229
9.9 Carbonates 230
9.10 Silicates 231
9.11 Gold and Silver 234
9.12 Tin Compounds 234
9.13 Cobalt 235
Abrasives, Salt, Shells, and Miscellaneous Geologic Raw Materials 236
10.1 Introduction 236
10.2 Abrasives 236
10.3 Salt (Halite) 237
10.4 Natron 241
10.5 Alum 243
10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fossil Bone 245
10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 10.7.1 Mica 251
10.7.2 Petroleum Products – Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch 252
10.7.3 Sulfur (S) 254
10.7.4 Mercury (Hg) 255
10.7.5 Saltpeter, Niter 256
10.7.6 Epsomite (MgSO 257
· 7H 257
O, Epsom Salt) 257
10.7.7 Nitric Acid 258
10.7.8 Tutty/Cadmea 258
10.7.9 Fuller’s Earth 258
10.7.10 Stone Money 258
Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials 260
11.1 Introduction 260
11.2 Building Stone 260
11.2.1 Granite/Diorite 264
11.2.2 Porphyry 266
11.2.3 Basalt/Andesite/Dolerite 266
11.2.4 Limestone/Sandstone 268
11.2.5 Marble 270
11.2.6 Slate/Schist/Quartzite 272
11.2.7 Gypsum 273
11.3 Cements and Mortars 11.3.1 Lime 274
11.3.2 Gypsum 276
11.3.3 Aggregates 277
11.3.4 Hydraulic Reactions 278
11.3.5 Natural Pozzolana 279
11.3.6 Artificial ÏPozzolanaÓ 280
11.3.7 Modern Portland Cement 281
11.4 Masonry 281
11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Other Earthen Architectural Materials 282
11.6 Weathering and Decomposition 286
References 294
Additional Bibliography Chapter 1 328
Chapter 2 328
Chapter 3 328
Chapter 4 329
Chapter 5 329
Chapter 6 329
Chapter 7 329
Chapter 8 330
Chapter 9 330
Chapter 10 330
Chapter 11 331
Glossary 332
Pigments Used in Antiquity 339
Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index 345
Geographic Index 351
General Index 357