Frontiers of Cord Blood Science (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 10
Contents 11
Contributors 13
Introduction 16
References 26
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell ( Basic Science) 27
Placental and Pregnancy Stem Cells 28
Hematopoietic Stem Cells 28
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 28
Endothelial Progenitor Cells 30
Plasticity 30
Embryology of the Placenta/Amnion, Amniotic Fluid, and the Umbilical Cord 30
The Ontogeny of Stem Cells 33
Hematopoietic Stem Cells 34
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 35
Endothelial Progenitor Cells 36
Fetal Cells in Maternal Circulation 38
References 40
Cord Blood Stem Cells – The Basic Science 44
Transplantation Biology 45
Transplantation Immunology 45
Cord Blood Stem Cell Amplification 46
Cord Blood Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine 47
References 48
Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood 51
Introduction 52
Hematopoietic Stem Cells 52
Endothelial Progenitor Cells 74
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 82
Other Stem Cells 96
Final Remarks 99
List of Abbreviations 100
References 101
Ex Vivo Expansion of Cord Blood 115
Cellular Content of CB 115
Ex Vivo Expanded Cells Provide Rapid Engraftment 116
Selection of CB Products for Ex Vivo Expansion 116
Availability of Clinical Grade Reagents 117
Clinical ExperienceWith Ex Vivo Expanded Cells 118
Ex Vivo Expansion of CB-MNC on MSC 118
Summary 119
Disclosure Statement 120
References 120
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Applications in Cell and Gene Therapy 121
Introduction 121
Isolation and Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 122
Phenotypic Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 126
Differentiation Potential of MSCs 127
Therapeutic Applications of MSCs 129
References 137
Non-hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Blood 147
Introduction 147
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 149
Endothelial Progenitor Cells 159
Embryonic Stem Cell-like Cells Derived from CB 164
Conclusion 166
References 166
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation 182
Cord Blood Transplantation for Pediatric Non- Malignant Conditions 183
Introduction and Description of the Evolution of the Field 183
ReasonsWhy One Should Use Cord Blood in These Diseases 184
Potential Disadvantages of Using Cord Blood 188
Current Issues for Specific Diseases 189
How Do We Balance the Place of Cord Blood Against Other Sources of Stem Cells? 207
How Can We Improve? 207
Summary 208
References 209
Cord Blood Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies 217
Cord Blood Transplantation in Children with Acute Leukemia 217
Cord Blood Transplantation in Adults 222
New Strategies in Cord Blood Transplantation 225
Conclusion 228
References 229
Double Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation in Adults 231
Pre-Clinical Background 231
Cord Blood Unit Availability 232
Clinical Studies in Cord Blood Transplantation 233
Studies in Children – Unrelated Cord Blood Transplants 233
Studies in Adults – Single Cord Blood Transplants – Ablative Regimens 234
Adult Cord Blood Transplantation – Single Cord Blood – Reduced Intensity Regimen 236
Adult Cord Blood Transplantation – Double Cord Blood Transplantation – Myeloablative Regimen 237
Adult Double Cord Blood Transplantation – Reduced Intensity Regimen 238
Adult Cord Blood Transplantation – Chimerism Analysis 240
Combination Cord Blood and Bone Marrow Transplants 240
New Applications of Cord Blood Transplantation 241
Conclusion 242
References 242
Transfusion of Cord Blood 246
Placental Umbilical CordWhole Blood Transfusion: A True Blood Substitute to Combat Anemia in the Background of Chronic Disease – A Study Report ( 1999– 2006) 247
Introduction 247
Other Blood Substitutes and Cord Blood 248
Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies on Cord Blood 251
Material and Methods 252
Disease, Age, and Sex Distribution of Patients 254
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Malaria 255
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Diabetes and Microalbuminurea 258
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Tuberculosis and Emaciation 261
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Advanced Rheumatoid Arthritis 264
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Leprosy 267
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of HIV 269
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Cancer 270
Spontaneous Transient Rise of CD34 Cells in Peripheral Blood after 72 h in Patients Suffering from Advanced Malignancy with Anemia: Effect and Prognostic Implications of Treatment with Placental Umbilical CordWhole Blood Transfusion 272
Cord Blood in the Treatment of Anemia in the Background of Thalassemia 274
Follow-up Study 276
Future Implications of the Work 276
References 277
Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy in Neurology 284
Introduction 284
Challenges Involving Stem Cell Replacement Therapy 284
Neurodegenerative Disorder as a Possible Systemic Disease 285
Scope of Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy in Neurology 286
Experiments of Umbilical Cord Blood in Brain Diseases 287
Future of Umbilical Cord Blood in Brain Diseases 288
Potential Risks of Therapy with Umbilical Cord Blood 289
Conclusion 290
References 290
Cord Blood: Opportunities and Challenges for the Reconstructive Surgeon 292
Structure and Function of Skin 293
Healing: Regeneration and Repair 294
Strategy of Skin Tissue Engineering 297
Stem Cells 300
References 304
Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion – A Clinical Overview 307
Introduction 307
Characteristics of Umbilical Cord Blood 308
Indications for Cord Blood Transfusion 308
Umbilical Cord Blood Transfusion for Anemia 308
Elderly Patients 309
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation 309
Improving Results of Cord Blood Transplantation in Adults 310
Collection and Storage of Umbilical Cord Blood in Health 310
Potential Hazards 311
Blood Banking Issues 311
Future Trends 312
References 312
Cord Blood Stem Cell Banking 314
Establishment of the UK Stem Cell Bank and Its Role in Stem Cell Science 315
Introduction 315
Aims and Remit for the UK Stem Cell Bank 316
Key Operational Principles for the UK Stem Cell Bank 316
Donating Cells to the Bank 317
What is a Cell Bank? 318
Principle of Cell Banking 318
Fundamental Criteria for Assurance of Quality of Cell Lines 319
Embryonic Stem Cells in vitro: Control and Standardizationfor Research and Therapy 319
Stem Cell Lines for Clinical Use: Three Translational Phases 320
Progress in Establishing the UK Stem Cell Bank 320
UK Stem Cell Bank/NIBSC Interactions with the Stem Cell Community 321
Conclusions 321
References 322
Cord Blood Allogeneic and Autologous Banking 323
Advantages and Disadvantages of HSC from UCB 323
Factors that Influence the Number of Progenitors in UCB 325
UCB Collection, Processing, and Quality Management 326
Controversies Between Public and Private UCB Banking 328
References 329
Potential Engineering Application of Cord Blood 332
Possibilities of Using Cord Blood for Improving the Biocompatibility of Implants 333
Introduction 333
Degenerative Diseases and the Current Treatment Methodology 334
Stem Cells – Cells with High Plasticity 336
Inductive Factors in Cell Proliferation and Differentiation – Biomimicry in Drug Delivery 336
Immune Reaction to the Implant – A Lesson from Fetal Survival 338
Conclusion 340
References 340
Potential of Stem Cell to Tailor the Bone- Ceramic Interface for Better Fixation of Orthopedic Implants 345
Scope of Bioceramics as Implant Materials 347
Bioinert Ceramics 348
Bioactive and Resorbable Ceramics 351
New-Age Innovation in Bioceramic Implants 360
Tissue Engineering 361
Conclusions 368
References 368
Ethics 372
Some Aspects of the Ethics of Stem Cell Research 373
Ethics 373
Stem-Cell Research 374
Modern Medical Ethics 374
General Principles of Medical Ethics 374
Stem-Cell Research 375
Epilogue 378
References 379
Index 380