Diagenesis, III (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Diagnsis, III 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Chapter 1. FROM MARINE INTERSTITIAL FLUIDS TO PALEOSOLS- A REVIEW 14
Chapter 2. Early diagenesis and marine pore water 14
Chapter 3. The recognition of soft-sediment deformations as early-diagenetic features-a literature review 16
Chapter 4. Climatic influence on diagenesis of fluvial sandstones 17
Chapter 5. Diagenesis of deep-sea volcaniclastic sandstones 18
Chapter 6. A volume and mass approach to carbonate-diagenesis: the role of compaction and cementation 18
Chapter 7. Diagenetic history of the Aymestry Limestone Beds (High Gorstian Stage), Ludlow Series, Welsh Borderland, U.K. 19
Chapter 8. Geochemical and isotopic constraints on silica and carbonate diagenesis in the Miocene Monterey Formation, Santa Maria and Ventura basins, California 20
Chapter 9. Maturation of organic matter as revealed by microscopic methods: applications and limitations of vitrinite reflectance, and continuous spectral and pulsed laser fluorescence spectroscopy 21
Chapter 10. Diagenesis and its relation to mineralization and hydrocarbon reservoir development: Gulf Coast and North Sea basins 22
Chapter 11. Precambrian iron-formations: nature, origin, and mineralogic evolution from sedimentation to metamorphism 23
Chapter 12. Paleosol recognition: a guide to early diagenesis in terrestrial setting 24
Chapter 13. Silica-cemented paleosols (ganisters) in the Pennsylvanian Waddens Cove Formation, Nova Scotia, Canada 25
References 25
Chapter 2. EARLY DIAGENESIS AND MARINE PORE WATER 26
Introduction 26
Part I: Early diagenetic processes 29
Part II: Diagenetic equations 67
Part III: Examples of modeling of early diagenetic processes 87
Acknowledgements 134
List of symbols 134
References 137
Chapter 3. THE RECOGNITION OF SOFT-SEDIMENT DEFORMATIONS AS EARLY DIAGENETIC FEATURES — A LITERATURE REVIEW 148
Introduction 148
Study on early-eiagenetic deformations 151
The period before 1950 155
The early age of sedimentology 161
The 1960-1970 period: emphasis on environmental analysis 165
1970-1980: basin analysis and palaeogeographic reconstructions 170
The post-1980 period 174
Acknowledgements 182
References 182
Chapter 4. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE ON DIAGENESIS OF FLUVIAL SANDSTONES 204
Introduction 204
Climate control on ground water chemistry and soil mineralogy 206
Climate control on detrital mineralogy of fluvial sand 225
Climate control on early diagenesis 232
Early diagenetic mineral assemblage and climate 242
Climate control on deep burial diagenesis 253
Conclusions 259
Acknowledgements 260
References 261
Chapter 5. DIAGENESIS OF DEEP-SEA VOLCANICLASTIC SANDSTONES 266
Introduction 266
Distribution of deep-sea sandstones and tectonic setting 267
Diagenesis of back-arc basin sandstones 268
Diagenesis of fore-arc basin sandstones 294
Comparison between back-arc and fore-arc basin sandstone diagenesis 294
Conclusions 295
References 296
Chapter 6. A VOLUME AND MASS APPROACH TO CARBONATE DIAGENESIS: THE ROLE OF COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION 300
Introduction 300
Some basic considerations of compaction in calcareous rocks 300
Appliction of the carbonate compaction equation 307
Conclusions 319
Acknowledgements 321
References 321
Chapter 7. DIAGENETIC HISTORY OF THE AYMESTRY LIMESTONE BEDS (HIGH GORSTIAN STAGE), LUDLOW SERIES, WELSH BORDERLAND, U. K. 326
Introduction 326
Stratigraphic framework 328
Lithological characteristics 328
Petrography 336
Microfacies 338
Diagenesis 353
Petrography of the cements in Aymestry Limestone 357
Cement assemblages 376
Incipient dolomitzation 381
Cementation sequence: summary 384
Post-diagenetic fabric in very fine-grained clastics 386
Silicification 387
Acknowledgements 391
References 391
Chapter 8. GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC CONSTRAINTS ON SILICA AND CARBONATE DIAGENESIS IN THE MIOCENE MONTEREY FORMATION, SANTA MARIA AND VENTURA BASINS, CALIFORNIA 396
Introduction 396
Paleoceanography 396
Depositional history 400
Miocene climatic and tectonic events 403
Monterey Formation lithofacies 404
Siliceous sediment diagenesis in the Monterey Formation 408
Secondary carbonates in the Monterey Formation 414
Experimental and oceanographic observations 418
Geochemistry of Monterey Formation carbonates and siliceous sediments 420
Response of the Rb/Sr system to diagenesis 426
Acknowledgements 434
References 434
Chapter 9. MATURATION OF ORGANIC MATTER AS REVEALED BY MICROSCOPIC METHODS: APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE, AND CONTINUOUS SPECTRAL AND PULSED LASER FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 444
Introduction 444
Vitrinite reflectance 446
Other maturation parameters 484
Fluorescence microscopy 487
Continuous spectral fluorescence 488
Pulsed laser fluorescence 502
Correlation of maturation parameters 508
Summary and conclusions 510
Acknowledgments 511
AppendixA : Glossary 512
AppendixB : Fluorescence colors of various macerals at two maturation stages 513
References 514
Chapter 10. DIAGENESIS AND ITS RELATION TO MINERALIZATION AND HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT: GULF COAST AND NORTH SEA BASINS 520
Introduction 520
Deep fluid sources in basinal settings 522
Long-durations diapiric uplifts 528
Short-duration diapiric uplifts 530
Porosity preservation 532
Diagenetic reactions in the Gulf Coast and North Sea basins 533
Integrated hydrothermal model 535
Application of an integrated model to North Sea cap rock 536
Indentification of hydrocarbons in halokinetically formed traps 538
Conclusions 543
Acknowledgements 543
References 544
Chapter 11. PRECAMBRIAN IRON-FORMATIONS: NATURE, ORIGIN, AND MINERALOGIC EVOLUTION FROM SEDIMENTATION TO METAMORPHISM 552
Introdction 552
Background review 553
Origin of iron-formation 576
Sources of iron and silica 579
Mineralogic evolution of iron-formation 585
Epilogue 593
References 594
Chapter 12. PALEOSOL RECOGNITION: A GUIDE TO EARLY DIAGENESIS IN TERRESTRIAL SETTINGS 600
Introduction 600
Paleosols 600
Paleopedogenesis-the norm or the exception 601
Criteria for recognizing paleosols 603
Paleosol diagenesis 618
Shallow phreatic diagenesis 621
Conclusions 623
Acknowledgements 623
References 623
Chapter 13. SILICA-CEMENTED PALEOSOLS (GANISTERS) IN THE PENNSYLVANIAN WADDENS COVE FORMATION, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA 630
Introduction 630
Geological setting 633
Ganisters 636
Ganister petrography and geochemistry 638
Origin of ganister-bearing paleosols 652
Conclusions 660
Acknowledgements 661
References 661
Subject Index 666
Erratum 682