Beverage Industry Microfiltration

Nathan Starbard is Millipore Corporation’s manager for the North American beverage market. In this position he works with customers in the bottled water, wine, beer, soft drink, and spirits industries to expand their understanding of filtration technology, develop new applications within industry, as well as perform trouble-shooting and optimization of beverage filtration processes. He was previously the lead engineer for food and beverage applications within North America. Prior to Millipore, Nathan held former positions at E. & J. Gallo Winery including serving in Process Engineering/R&D where responsibilities included filtration related applications within wine, spirits, and grape juice manufacturing, and as a Technical Production Manager responsible for the world’s largest single site beverage microfiltration department. Nathan holds a degree in Chemical Engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

Preface ix

1 Introduction 3

Introduction 3

Principles of Filtration 6

Beverage Contaminants 19

Plugging Component Analysis 31

FDA CFR 21 Guidelines 34

2 Cartridge Filters 37

Cartridge Filters 37

System Operation 72

Common Cartridge Failure Modes 107

3 Sheet and Lenticular Filters 111

Filtration Media 111

Sheet Filters 116

Lenticular Filters 123

Manufacturers and Distributors 129

4 Bag Filters 131

Bag Filters 131

System Operation 137

Bag Filter Manufacturers and Distributors 140

5 Crossflow (Tangential Flow Filtration) Systems 141

Crossflow Systems 141

Crossflow Formats and Media 143

System Operation 148

6 Filtration System Selection and Design 153

Determining the Filtration Stage(s) 154

Determining the Format of Filtration 159

System Sizing 160

Auxiliary Equipment Design and Selection 170

Parallel Filter Skids 173

CIP Design 175

System Manufacturers and Suppliers 175

7 General Industry Filtration Processes 177

Bottle Washing 177

Facilities Water 178

Steam 179

Microfiltration in the Lab 179

Gas Filtration 181

Vent Filtration 183

CIP Solutions and Chemicals 184

8 Wine Industry 187

Clarification 188

Prefiltration 193

Final Filtration 193

Gas and Air Filtration 194

Specialty Applications 196

Process Testing: Filterability (Fining) Index 201

Miscellaneous Considerations 202

9 Beer Industry 207

Clarification and Trap Filtration 208

Prefiltration 209

Final Filtration 210

CO2 Filtration 210

Specialty Applications 212

Miscellaneous Considerations 212

10 Bottled Water Industry 215

Clarification 216

Prefiltration 219

Final Filtration 220

Cryptosporidium and Giardia Control 220

Ozonation 221

Specialty Products 222

Process Testing: Silt Density Index (SDI) 222

RO and Distilled Water 227

Bottled Water Industry Standards 227

11 Spirits Industries 231

Particle Filtration 231

Microbial Filtration 232

Emerging Products 233

Miscellaneous Considerations 234

12 Dairy Industry 237

Microfiltration for Increased Shelf Life 237

Microfiltration in Conjunction with UF and RO 238

Specialty Applications 238

Dairy Tank Vent Filtration 239

13 Soft and Sports Drinks Industries 241

Soft Drinks 241

Sports Drinks 242

14 Juice Industry 245

15 Flavor, Neutraceutical, and Niche Applications 247

Flavorings 247

Ready-to-Drink Teas and Coffee Beverages 248

Sucrose and Liquid Sugar or Sugar Substitute Filtration 248

Vinegar 248

Peppermint and Spearmint Oils 249

Seafood Broths and Juices 249

Honey 249

Olive Oil 250

Appendix 251

Bibliography 255

Glossary 257

Index 273