Biodiversity and Insect Pests

Geoff Gurr is Professor of Applied Ecology at Charles Sturt University in Australia. Over the last two decades he has worked on the ecology and management of pests in systems as diverse as pastures and forests. Much of his recent work has been with collaborators throughout Asia where insecticide resistance in sucking pests of rice has driven the development and adoption of biodiversity-based management strategies. Steve Wratten is Professor of Ecology at Lincoln University, New Zealand and Visiting Professor at Charles Sturt University in Australia. His main research concerns evaluating and enhancing "nature's services" (ecosystem services). Using resource economics techniques, the existing value of these services (such things as biological control of pests) is estimated and then habitat manipulation ("ecological engineering") is used to enhance these services on farmland to provide profit and real evidence of sustainability. This work is done across several agricultural sectors but especially in vineyards. William Snyder is Professor of Entomology at Washington State University, USA. With the help of a small army of students and postdocs, he explores the relationship between biodiversity and biocontrol. Recent work focuses on the relative importance of the two components of biodiversity, species number (richness) and species balance (evenness), and practical ways for farmers to harness biodiversity's many benefits. Donna Read is a Research Assistant at Charles Sturt University, Australia with interests in rural sociology, agricultural economics and horticulture.

Preface, vii

Foreword, ix

Contributors, x

INTRODUCTION, 1

1 Biodiversity and insect pests, 3
Geoff M. Gurr, Steve D. Wratten and William E. Snyder

FUNDAMENTALS, 21

2 The ecology of biodiversity–biocontrol relationships, 23
William E. Snyder and Jason M. Tylianakis

3 The role of generalist predators in terrestrial food webs: lessons for agricultural pest management, 41
K.D. Welch, R.S. Pfannenstiel and J.D. Harwood

4 Ecological economics of biodiversity use for pest management, 57
Mark Gillespie and Steve D. Wratten

5 Soil fertility, biodiversity and pest management, 72
Miguel A. Altieri, Luigi Ponti and Clara I. Nicholls

6 Plant biodiversity as a resource for natural products for insect pest management, 85
Opender Koul

7 The ecology and utility of local and landscape scale effects in pest management, 106
Sagrario Gámez-Virués, Mattias Jonsson and Barbara Ekbom

METHODS, 121

8 Scale effects in biodiversity and biological control: methods and statistical analysis, 123
Christoph Scherber, Blas Lavandero, Katrin M. Meyer, David Perovic, Ute Visser, Kerstin Wiegand and Teja Tscharntke

9 Pick and mix: selecting flowering plants to meet the requirements of target biological control insects, 139
Felix L. Wäckers and Paul C.J. van Rijn

10 The molecular revolution: using polymerase chain reaction based methods to explore the role of predators in terrestrial food webs, 166
William O.C. Symondson

11 Employing chemical ecology to understand and exploit biodiversity for pest management, 185
David G. James, Sofia Orre-Gordon, Olivia L. Reynolds (née Kvedaras) and Marja Simpson

APPLICATION, 197

12 Using decision theory and sociological tools to facilitate adoption of biodiversity-based pest management strategies, 199
M.M. Escalada and K.L. Heong

13 Ecological engineering strategies to manage insect pests in rice, 214
Geoff M. Gurr, K.L. Heong, J.A. Cheng and J. Catindig

14 China's 'Green Plant Protection' initiative: coordinated promotion of biodiversity-related technologies, 230
Lu Zhongxian, Yang Yajun, Yang Puyun and Zhao Zhonghua

15 Diversity and defence: plant–herbivore interactions at multiple scales and trophic levels, 241
Finbarr G. Horgan

16 'Push–pull' revisited: the process of successful deployment of a chemical ecology based pest management tool, 259
Zeyaur R. Khan, Charles A.O. Midega, Jimmy Pittchar, Toby J.A. Bruce and John A. Pickett

17 Using native plant species to diversify agriculture, 276
Douglas A. Landis, Mary M. Gardiner and Jean Tompkins

18 Using biodiversity for pest suppression in urban landscapes, 293
Paula M. Shrewsbury and Simon R. Leather

19 Cover crops and related methods for enhancing agricultural biodiversity and conservation biocontrol: successful case studies, 309
P.G. Tillman, H.A. Smith and J.M. Holland

SYNTHESIS, 329

20 Conclusion: biodiversity as an asset rather than a burden, 331
Geoff M. Gurr, William E. Snyder, Steve D. Wratten and Donna M.Y. Read

Index, 340

Colour plates fall between pages 84 and 85