Diagnose and determine treatment for toxic exposures in small animals with this quick reference! Small Animal Toxicology, 3rd Edition covers hundreds of potentially toxic substances, providing the information you need to manage emergency treatment and prevent poisonings in companion animals. To help you identify an unknown poison, this guide provides a list of potential toxins based on clinical signs or symptoms. It also includes a NEW color insert with 85 full-color photographs of toxic plants and of lesions associated with various poisonings. Written by respected veterinarian Michael E. Peterson and board-certified veterinary toxicologist Patricia A. Talcott, along with a team of expert contributors, this edition covers a wide variety of topics including toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics, effective history taking, recognizing clinical signs of toxic exposures, managing emergencies, and supportive care of the poisoned patient.
- Comprehensive coverage of toxins/poisons includes the full range of substances from acetaminophen to zinc, including home products, prescription medicines, recreational drugs, and more.
- Guidelines to evaluation, diagnosis and treatment include examinations of the source, toxic dose, toxicokinetics, clinical signs, minimum database, confirming tests, treatment progress and differential diagnosis for each specific toxicant.
- Coverage of common poisonous substances includes grapes and raisins, nicotine, mercury, mushrooms, Christmas-time plants, and snake and spider venoms.
- Toxicological Concepts section provides information on toxicologic principles such as history taking, providing supportive care, and managing emergency treatment.
- General Exposures section addresses nontraditional toxicology such as indoor environmental air, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and toxicities in pregnant and lactating animals.
- Miscellaneous Toxicant Groups section covers commonly encountered specific toxicants, the proper use of diagnostic laboratories, use of human poison control centers, and antidotes for specific toxins.
- More than 50 international contributors provide up-to-date, authoritative advice on treating poisonings and intoxications.
- 8 NEW chapters cover topics including legal considerations in toxicology cases, responding to mass exposures, and poisonings in birds, small mammals, and geriatric patients.
- NEW color insert shows 85 of the most commonly encountered toxic substances for at-a-glance identification.
- UPDATED Signs and Symptoms index makes it easier to find information on a toxic agent by presenting signs rather than requiring the formulation of a diagnosis.
- UPDATED information on agents most likely to cause a toxic reaction includes natural flea products and an expanded section on human medications.
- NEW quick-access format with bold headings and convenient tables and boxes allows quick retrieval of information in emergency situations.
Front Cover 1
Index of Toxins by System 2
Small Animal Toxicology 7
Copyright 8
Dedication 9
Contributors 11
Preface 17
Contents 19
SECTION 1 Toxicologic Concepts 23
Chapter 1 - General Toxicologic Principles for Clinicians
23
Dosage Makes the Poison 23
Factors That Influence Toxicity 27
Biologic Variation and Toxicity Data in Veterinary Practice 27
Calculations for Toxicology 29
Concentration and Dosage in Veterinary Toxicology 29
References 34
Chapter 2 - Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics
35
Definitions 35
Toxicokinetics and Disposition 35
Toxicodynamics 39
References 41
Chapter 3 - Toxicologic Information Resources
43
Primary Literature 43
Secondary Literature 43
Tertiary Literature 46
Poison Control Centers 48
Chapter 4 - Effective Use of a Veterinary Poison Control Center
49
Suggested Readings 51
Chapter 5 - Use of Human Poison Centers in the Veterinary Setting
53
Assessment and Exposure 53
Examples of Toxicants 57
References 59
Chapter 6 - Taking a Toxicologic History
61
Chapter 7 - Approach to Diagnosis for the Toxicology Case
67
Case Presentation and Initial Approach 67
History 68
Exposure Assessment 69
Clinical Signs and Clinical Pathologic Findings 72
Postmortem Examination and Sampling 73
Sample Collection and Toxicology Testing 73
Summary 74
Acknowledgment 74
References 74
Chapter 8 - Establishing a Minimum Database in Small Animal Poisonings
75
Clinical Signs 75
Minimum Database 76
Conclusions 84
Suggested Readings 84
Chapter 9 - Initial Management of the Poisoned Patient
85
Telephone Triage 85
At the Veterinary Hospital 87
The ABCs of Critical Patient Care 87
Controlling Seizures and Muscle Tremors 91
Assessment of Metabolic Status 91
Summary 93
Acknowledgments 93
References 93
Chapter 10 - Toxicologic Decontamination
95
Ocular Decontamination 95
Dermal Decontamination 95
Gastrointestinal Decontamination 95
Ion Exchange Resins, Cathartics, and Activated Charcoal 100
Forced Diuresis 103
Ion Trapping 103
Gastrotomy 104
Lipid Emulsion 104
References 104
Chapter 11 - Supportive Care of the Poisoned Patient 107
Respiratory 107
Cardiovascular 113
Neurologic 122
Temperature 127
Gastrointestinal 128
Renal 130
Hepatic 131
Hematological 131
General Principles in the Care of Critically Ill Poisoned Patients 137
The Recumbent Patient 139
The Unconscious, Heavily Sedated, or Anesthetized Patient 141
Nutrition 143
Chapter 12 - Effective Use of a Diagnostic Laboratory*
147
Capabilities 151
Pitfalls 153
Reporting 153
Conclusion 154
Chapter 13 - Medicolegal Considerations in Toxicology Cases 155
Medical Records 155
Client Confidentiality 156
Are Drugs of Abuse Considered Poisons? 156
Animal Cruelty 157
Commercial Pet Food Contamination Issues 158
References 159
SECTION 2 General Exposures 155
Chapter 14 - Indoor Environmental Quality and Health
161
Sources and Causes of Poor Environmental Quality 161
Biological Mechanisms of Indoor Environment-Related Illness 166
Indoor Pollutants 168
Biology of the Indoor Environment 176
Ventilation and Indoor Environmental Quality 177
Evaluating Indoor Environment–Related Health Problems 178
References 179
Chapter 15 - Responding to Mass Exposures
181
Initial Considerations 181
Making the Decision to Decontaminate 181
Commonly Encountered Contaminants 185
Personal Protective Equipment 185
Post-Decontamination Monitoring and Aftercare 186
References 186
Chapter 16 - Reproductive Toxicology of Male and Female Companion Animals
189
Introduction 189
Overview of Breeding Selection and Reproduction in Small Animals 197
Single Etiology/Multifactorial Causes of Negative Reproductive Outcomes 207
The Adverse Reproductive Effects of Specific Xenobiotics 213
Conclusions 222
References 223
Chapter 17 - Considerations in Pregnant or Lactating Patients 225
Pregnant Patients 225
Lactating Patients 230
Conclusion 232
References 233
Chapter 18 - Toxicologic Considerations in the Pediatric Patient
237
Physiologic Considerations in the Pediatric Patient 237
Absorption 238
Distribution 239
Metabolism 240
Excretion 240
Maternal Transfer of Toxin 241
Most Common Inquiries to Poison Centers for Pediatric Patients 241
References 244
Chapter 19 - Considerations in the Geriatric Poisoned Patient
245
Geriatric Patients 245
Conclusion 248
References 248
Chapter 20 - Poisonings in the Captive Reptile 251
Introduction 251
Emergency Management of the Poisoned Reptile 251
Common Toxicants 252
References 268
Chapter 21 - Small Mammal Toxicology
273
Introduction 273
Decontamination 273
Rodents 274
Rabbits 276
Ferrets 277
Conclusion 278
References 278
Chapter 22 - Poisoning in the Avian Patient
281
Principles of Avian Toxicology 281
Diagnosis of Toxicoses 281
Management of Toxicoses 282
Iatrogenic Toxicoses 283
Inhalant Toxins 283
Miscellaneous Household Toxins 285
Food and Plant Toxicoses 286
Heavy-Metal Toxicities 287
Pesticides 290
Oil Toxicoses 292
Mycotoxins 293
References 293
SECTION 3 Miscellaneous Toxicant Groups 297
Chapter 23 - Adverse Drug Reactions*
297
Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions 298
Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions 304
Diagnosis of an Adverse Drug Reaction 304
Drug Interactions 305
Drug Incompatibilities 306
Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity 307
Conclusion 311
References 311
Chapter 24 - Miscellaneous Indoor Toxicants
313
Soaps, Detergents, and Cleaning Agents 313
Disinfectants 317
Solvents and Alcohols 320
Miscellaneous Household Hazards 321
Conclusions 328
Acknowledgment 329
References 329
Chapter 25 - “Recreational” Drugs 331
Amphetamines 333
Barbiturates 336
Benzodiazepines 338
Cocaine 340
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 342
Marijuana 343
Opioids 345
Phencyclidine and Ketamine 348
Tricyclic Antidepressants 350
References 353
Chapter 26 - Hazards Associated with the Use of Herbal and Other Natural Products*
358
Active Herbal Constituents 358
Summaries of the Safety of Common Herbs 360
Essential Oils 368
Product Adulteration 370
Herb-Drug Interactions 371
Diagnosis of Intoxication 375
Treatment of Intoxication 375
Sources of Information 375
References 376
Chapter 27 - Household and Garden Plants 379
Treatment of Plant Intoxications 379
References 421
Chapter 29 - Smoke Inhalation
431
Sources 431
Toxic Dose 433
Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Toxicity 434
Clinical Signs 436
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 437
Treatment 439
Prevention and Prognosis 441
Gross and Histologic Lesions 442
Differential Diagnoses 443
References 444
SECTION 4 Specific Toxicants 445
Chapter 30 - Acetaminophen
445
Sources 445
Toxic Dose 445
Toxicokinetics 446
Mechanism of Toxicity 446
Clinical Signs 447
Minimum Database 447
Confirmatory Tests 448
Treatment 448
Prognosis 449
Gross and Histologic Lesions 449
Differential Diagnoses 450
References 450
Chapter 31 - Amitraz 453
Sources 453
Toxic Dose 453
Toxicokinetics 453
Mechanism of Toxicity 453
Clinical Signs 454
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 454
Treatment 454
Prognosis 454
Differential Diagnoses 454
References 454
Chapter 32 - Anticoagulant Rodenticides 457
Sources 458
Toxic Dose 458
Toxicokinetics 461
Mechanism of Toxicity 462
Clinical Signs 463
Minimum Database 463
Confirmatory Tests 464
Treatment 464
Prognosis 466
Gross and Histologic Lesions 466
Differential Diagnoses 467
References 467
Chapter 33 - Anticonvulsants 469
Phenobarbital 470
Potassium Bromide 471
Diazepam 472
Historical Anticonvulsants 473
Newer Anticonvulsants 475
References 476
Chapter 34 - Arsenic 479
Sources 479
Toxic Dose 480
Toxicokinetics 481
Mechanism of Toxicity 481
Clinical Signs 482
Minimum Database 483
Confirmatory Tests 483
Treatment 483
Prognosis 484
Gross and Histologic Lesions 484
Differential Diagnoses 485
References 485
Chapter 35 - Botulism 487
Sources 487
Toxic Dose 488
Toxicokinetics 488
Mechanism of Toxicity 488
Clinical Signs 488
Minimum Database 489
Confirmatory Tests 489
Treatment 489
Prognosis 489
Gross and Histologic Lesions 489
Differential Diagnoses 490
References 490
Chapter 36 - Bromethalin 493
Introduction 493
Sources 493
Toxic Dose 494
Toxicokinetics 494
Mechanism of Action 495
Clinical Signs 495
Minimum Database 495
Confirmatory Tests 497
Treatment 497
Prognosis 499
Gross and Histologic Lesions 499
Differential Diagnoses 499
References 499
Chapter 37 - Carbon Monoxide 501
Sources 501
Toxic Dose 502
Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Toxicity 502
Clinical Signs 503
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 504
Treatment 505
Prevention and Prognosis 506
Gross and Histologic Lesions 507
Differential Diagnoses 508
Suggested Readings 508
Chapter 38 - Cholecalciferol 511
Sources 512
Toxic Dose 513
Toxicokinetics 514
Mechanism of Toxicity 515
Clinical Signs 515
Minimum Database 516
Confirmatory Tests 516
Treatment 517
Prognosis 518
Gross and Histologic Lesions 518
Differential Diagnoses 519
References 519
Chapter 39 - Christmastime Plants 521
Amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) 521
Christmas Cactus (Schlumbergera truncata) 523
Christmas Trees 524
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) 525
Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) 526
Mistletoe (Phoradendron spp.) 528
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) 530
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) 531
References 532
Chapter 40 - Citrus Oils 535
Sources 535
Toxic Dose 535
Toxicokinetics 536
Mechanism of Toxicity 536
Clinical Signs 536
Confirmatory Tests 536
Treatment 536
Prognosis 537
Gross and Histologic Lesions 537
Differential Diagnoses 537
References 537
Chapter 41 - Copper
539
Sources 539
Toxic Dose and Toxicokinetics 540
Mechanism of Toxicity 540
Clinical Signs 541
Minimum Database 541
Confirmatory Tests 541
Treatment 542
Prognosis 542
Gross and Histologic Lesions 542
Differential Diagnoses 542
Copper Storage Disease 542
References 543
Chapter 42 - Cyanide
545
Sources 545
Toxic Dose 546
Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Toxicity 546
Clinical Signs 547
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 548
Treatment 549
Prevention and Prognosis 551
Gross and Histologic Lesions 551
Differential Diagnoses 552
Suggested Readings 552
Chapter 43 - Cyanobacteria
555
Sources 555
Hepatotoxins: Microcystins and Nodularins 556
Neurotoxins: Anatoxin-A, Homoanatoxin-A, Anatoxin-A(s) 558
Other Cyanotoxins 560
References 561
Chapter 44 - DEET
563
Sources 563
Toxic Dose 563
Toxicokinetics 563
Mechanism of Toxicity 563
Clinical Signs 563
Minimum Database 564
Confirmatory Tests 564
Treatment 564
Prognosis 564
Differential Diagnoses 564
References 564
Chapter 45 - Diethylene Glycol
565
Sources 565
Toxic Dose 566
Toxicokinetics 566
Clinical Signs 566
Minimum Database 566
Confirmatory Tests 566
Treatment 567
Prognosis 567
Gross and Histologic Lesions 567
Differential Diagnoses 567
References 567
Chapter 46 - Ethanol
569
Sources 569
Toxic Dose 569
Toxicokinetics 569
Mechanism of Toxicity 570
Clinical Signs 570
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 570
Treatment 570
Prognosis 570
Gross and Histologic Lesions 571
Differential Diagnoses 571
References 571
Chapter 47 - Ethylene Glycol
573
Sources 573
Toxic Dose 574
Toxicokinetics 574
Mechanism of Toxicity 574
Clinical Signs 575
Minimum Database 576
Confirmatory Tests 577
Treatment 579
Prognosis 582
Gross and Histologic Lesions 582
Differential Diagnoses 582
Prevention 584
Acknowledgment 584
References 584
Chapter 48 - Grapes and Raisins
591
Sources 591
Toxic Dose 591
Toxicokinetics 592
Mechanism of Toxicity 592
Clinical Signs 592
Minimum Database 592
Confirmatory Tests 592
Treatment 593
Prognosis 593
Gross and Histologic Lesions 593
Differential Diagnoses 593
References 594
Chapter 49 - Insects—Hymenoptera
595
Bees, Wasps, Hornets, Yellow Jackets 596
Fire Ants 603
References 609
Chapter 50 - Ionophores
611
Sources 611
Toxic Dose 612
Toxicokinetics 612
Mechanism of Toxicity 612
Clinical Signs 614
Minimum Database 614
Confirmatory Tests 614
Treatment 614
Prognosis 615
Gross and Histologic Lesions 615
Differential Diagnoses 615
References 616
Chapter 51 - Iron 617
Sources 617
Toxic Dose 618
Toxicokinetics 618
Mechanism of Toxicity 619
Clinical Signs 619
Minimum Database 619
Confirmatory Tests 620
Treatment 620
Prognosis 622
Gross and Histologic Lesions 622
Differential Diagnoses 622
References 622
Chapter 52 - Ivermectin: Macrolide Antiparasitic Agents 623
Sources 623
Toxic Dose 624
Toxicokinetics 625
Mechanism of Toxicity 625
Clinical Signs 626
Confirmatory Tests 627
Treatment 627
Prognosis 628
Gross and Histologic Lesions 628
Differential Diagnoses 628
References 628
Chapter 53 - Lead 631
Sources 631
Toxic Dose 632
Toxicokinetics 632
Mechanism of Toxicity 632
Clinical Signs 633
Minimum Database 633
Confirmatory Tests 634
Treatment 634
Prognosis 636
Gross and Histologic Lesions 636
Differential Diagnoses 636
Prevention 636
References 636
Chapter 54 - Lilies 639
Sources 639
Toxic Dose 640
Toxicokinetics 640
Mechanism of Toxicity 640
Clinical Signs 640
Minimum Database 641
Confirmatory Tests 641
Treatment 641
Prognosis 642
Gross and Histologic Lesions 642
Differential Diagnoses 642
References 642
Chapter 55 - Poisonous Lizards 643
Sources 643
Toxic Dose 644
Toxicokinetics 644
Mechanism of Toxicity 644
Clinical Signs 644
Minimum Database 645
Confirmatory Tests 645
Treatment 645
Prognosis 645
Gross and Histologic Lesions 645
Differential Diagnoses 645
References 646
Chapter 56 - Macadamia Nuts 647
Sources 647
Toxic Dose 647
Toxicokinetics 648
Mechanism of Toxicity 648
Clinical Signs 648
Minimum Database 648
Confirmatory Tests 648
Treatment 648
Prognosis 649
Gross and Histologic Lesions 649
Differential Diagnoses 649
References 649
Chapter 57 - Mercury 651
Sources 651
Toxic Dose 652
Toxicokinetics 653
Mechanism of Toxicity 653
Clinical Signs 653
Minimum Database 654
Confirmatory Tests 654
Treatment 654
Prognosis 655
Gross and Histologic Lesions 655
Differential Diagnoses 655
References 655
Chapter 58 - Metaldehyde 657
Sources 657
Toxic Dose 658
Toxicokinetics 658
Mechanism of Toxicity 658
Clinical Signs 659
Confirmatory Tests 659
Treatment 660
Prognosis 661
Gross and Histologic Lesions 661
Differential Diagnoses 662
References 663
Chapter 59 - Methanol 665
Sources 665
Toxic Dose 665
Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Toxicity 665
Clinical Signs 666
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 666
Treatment 666
Prognosis 667
Gross and Histologic Lesions 667
Differential Diagnoses 667
References 667
Chapter 60 - Methylxanthines: Caffeine, Theobromine, Theophylline 669
Sources 669
Toxic Dose 670
Toxicokinetics 670
Mechanism of Toxicity 671
Clinical Signs and Minimum Database 671
Confirmatory Tests 672
Treatment 672
Prognosis 673
Gross and Histologic Lesions 673
Differential Diagnoses 673
References 673
Chapter 61 - Metronidazole 675
Sources 675
Toxic Dose 675
Toxicokinetics 676
Mechanism of Toxicity 676
Clinical Signs 676
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 677
Treatment 677
Prevention and Prognosis 677
Gross and Histologic Lesions 678
Differential Diagnoses 678
References 679
Chapter 62 - Mushrooms
681
Reporting Mushroom Poisonings 681
Collection and Identification 682
Hepatotoxic Mushrooms 684
Neurotoxic Mushrooms 689
Mushrooms Resulting In Gastrointestinal Distress 693
Nephrotoxic Mushrooms 695
Conclusions 696
Ackowledgment 696
References 696
Chapter 63 - Mycotoxins 699
Aflatoxin 700
Vomitoxin (Deoxynivalenol) 701
Tremorgens (Penitrem A and Roquefortine) 702
References 704
Chapter 64 - Nicotine 705
Sources 705
Toxic Dose 705
Toxicokinetics 705
Mechanism of Toxicity 706
Clinical Signs 706
Confirmatory Tests 706
Treatment 706
Prognosis 706
Gross and Histologic Lesions 706
Differential Diagnoses 707
References 707
Chapter 65 - Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatories 709
Sources 709
Toxic Dose 710
Toxicokinetics and Mechanism of Toxicity 711
Risk Factors 715
Drug Interactions 715
Clinical Signs 716
Minimum Database 717
Confirmatory Tests or Procedures 717
Treatment 718
Prognosis 719
Gross and Histologic Lesions 720
Differential Diagnoses 720
Other NSAIDs 720
Conclusion 726
Acknowledgment 726
References 726
Chapter 66 - Organochlorine Pesticides
731
Sources 731
Toxic Dose 732
Toxicokinetics 732
Mechanism of Toxicity 732
Clinical Signs 733
Minimum Database 733
Confirmatory Tests 733
Treatment 734
Prognosis 735
Gross and Histologic Lesions 735
Differential Diagnoses 735
References 735
Chapter 67 - Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides
737
Sources 737
Toxic Dose 738
Toxicokinetics 738
Mechanism of Toxicity 738
Clinical Signs 739
Minimum Database 741
Confirmatory Tests 741
Treatment 742
Prognosis 744
Gross and Histologic Lesions 744
Differential Diagnoses 744
References 745
Chapter 68 - Oxalate-Containing Plants
747
Introduction 747
Insoluble Oxalates 747
Soluble Oxalates 750
References 752
Chapter 69 - Paraquat
753
Sources 753
Toxic Dose 754
Toxicokinetics 754
Mechanism of Toxicity 755
Clinical Signs 756
Minimum Database and Confirmatory Tests 757
Treatment 758
Prognosis 760
Gross and Histologic Lesions 761
Differential Diagnoses 761
Current Toxicologic Status 761
References 761
Chapter 70 - Atypical Topical Spot-On
763
Ectoparasiticides 763
Insect Growth Regulators 772
Acknowledgment 774
References 774
Chapter 71 - Petroleum Hydrocarbons 777
Sources 777
Toxic Dose 778
Toxicokinetics 778
Mechanism of Toxicity 779
Clinical Signs 780
Minimum Database 781
Confirmatory Tests 782
Treatment 782
Prognosis 783
Gross and Histologic Lesions 783
Differential Diagnoses 783
Suggested Readings 783
Chapter 72 - Propylene Glycol
785
Sources 785
Toxic Dose 785
Toxicokinetics 786
Clinical Signs 786
Minimum Database 786
Confirmatory Tests 787
Treatment 787
Prognosis 787
Gross and Histologic Lesions 787
Differential Diagnoses 788
References 788
Chapter 73 - Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids 791
Sources 791
Toxic Dose 792
Toxicokinetics 793
Mechanism of Toxicity 793
Clinical Signs 794
Minimum Database 795
Treatment 795
Prognosis 796
Gross and Histologic Lesions 796
Differential Diagnoses 796
References 797
Chapter 74 - Ricin 799
Sources 799
Toxic Dose 800
Toxicokinetics 800
Mechanism of Toxicity 800
Clinical Signs 801
Minimum Database 801
Confirmatory Tests 801
Treatment 801
Prognosis 802
Gross and Histologic Lesions 802
Differential Diagnoses 802
References 802
Chapter 75 - Snake Bite: North American Pit Vipers 805
Sources 805
Toxic Dose 806
Toxicokinetics 807
Mechanism of Toxicity 807
Clinical Signs 809
Minimum Database 810
Confirmatory Tests 811
Treatment 811
Prognosis 816
Gross and Histologic Lesions 816
Differential Diagnoses 816
Alternative Antivenoms 816
Vaccine Production 817
References 817
Chapter 76 - Snake Bite: Coral Snakes
821
Sources 821
Toxic Dose 822
Toxicokinetics 822
Mechanism of Toxicity 823
Clinical Signs 823
Minimum Database 823
Confirmatory Tests 824
Treatment 824
Prognosis 826
Gross and Histologic Lesions 826
Differential Diagnoses 826
References 826
Chapter 77 - Sodium
829
Sources 829
Toxic Dose 830
Toxicokinetics 830
Mechanism of Toxicity 830
Clinical Signs 830
Minimum Database 831
Confirmatory Tests 831
Treatment 831
Prognosis 831
Gross and Histologic Lesions 831
Differential Diagnoses 832
References 832
Chapter 78 - Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080)
833
Sources 833
Toxicokinetics 834
Mechanism of Toxicity 834
Clinical Signs 835
Minimum Database 835
Confirmatory Tests 836
Treatment 836
Prognosis 837
Gross and Histologic Lesions 837
Differential Diagnoses 837
References 837
Chapter 79 - Spider Envenomation: Black Widow
839
Sources 839
Toxic Dose 840
Toxicokinetics 840
Mechanism of Toxicity 840
Clinical Signs 841
Minimum Database 841
Confirmatory Tests 841
Treatment 841
Prognosis 842
Gross and Histologic Lesions 842
Differential Diagnoses 842
References 843
Chapter 80 - Spider Envenomation: Brown Recluse 845
Sources 845
Toxic Dose and Toxicokinetics 846
Mechanism of Toxicity 846
Clinical Signs 846
Minimum Database 847
Confirmatory Tests 847
Treatment 847
Prognosis 848
Gross and Histologic Lesions 848
Differential Diagnoses 848
References 848
Chapter 81 - Strychnine 849
Sources 849
Toxic Dose 850
Toxicokinetics 850
Mechanism of Toxicity 850
Clinical Signs 851
Minimum Database 851
Confirmatory Tests 851
Treatment 852
Prognosis 852
Gross and Histologic Lesions 852
Differential Diagnoses 853
References 853
Chapter 82 - Toads 855
Sources 855
Toxic Dose 856
Toxicokinetics 856
Mechanism of Toxicity 856
Clinical Signs 857
Minimum Database 858
Confirmatory Tests 858
Treatment 858
Prognosis 860
Gross and Histologic Lesions 860
Differential Diagnoses 860
References 860
Chapter 83 - Xylitol 863
Sources 863
Toxic Dose 865
Toxicokinetics 865
Clinical Signs 866
Minimum Database 866
Confirmatory Tests 866
Treatment 867
Prognosis 867
Gross and Histologic Lesions 867
Differential Diagnoses 867
References 868
Chapter 84 - Zinc 869
Sources 870
Toxic Dose and Toxicokinetics 870
Mechanism of Toxicity 871
Clinical Signs 871
Minimum Database 871
Confirmatory Tests 871
Treatment 872
Prognosis 872
Gross and Histologic Lesions 873
Differential Diagnoses 873
References 873
Chapter 85 - Zinc Phosphide 875
Sources 875
Toxic Dose 876
Toxicokinetics 876
Mechanism of Toxicity 877
Clinical Signs 877
Minimum Database 878
Confirmatory Tests 879
Treatment 879
Prognosis 883
Gross and Histologic Lesions 883
Differential Diagnoses 883
References 884
Index 887
Color Plate 935
IBC 951
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 7.8.2013 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie |
| Veterinärmedizin ► Klinische Fächer | |
| Veterinärmedizin ► Kleintier | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-323-24198-0 / 0323241980 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-323-24198-4 / 9780323241984 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: EPUB (Electronic Publication)
EPUB ist ein offener Standard für eBooks und eignet sich besonders zur Darstellung von Belletristik und Sachbüchern. Der Fließtext wird dynamisch an die Display- und Schriftgröße angepasst. Auch für mobile Lesegeräte ist EPUB daher gut geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
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