Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials (eBook)

Zhypargul Abdullaeva, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Kumamoto University, Japan.

Contents 5
About the Author 8
Abbreviations 9
Part I: Conventional Approaches for Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Synthesis 10
Chapter 1: General Introduction 11
1.1 Introduction to Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials 11
1.2 Nanomaterials Properties 12
1.2.1 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 12
1.2.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nanomaterials 15
1.2.3 Chemical Properties of Nanomaterials 17
1.2.4 Biological Properties of Nanomaterials 20
1.3 Nanomaterials Morphology 20
1.3.1 Size Parameters and Size Distributions 21
1.3.2 Shape Characteristics 22
1.4 Overview of General Approaches for Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Synthesis 23
Case Study 1.1 Gold Nanoparticles Inhibit VEGF165-Induced Proliferation of HUVECs and bFGF-Induced Proliferation of NIH3T3 Cel... 25
References 27
Part II: Biological Approaches for Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Synthesis 31
Chapter 2: Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Prokaryotes 32
2.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria 32
2.1.1 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 32
2.1.2 Synthesis of Iron Based Magnetic Nanoparticles 34
2.1.2.1 Mechanism of Biomineralization of Magnetite Crystals and Iron Uptake 37
2.1.2.2 Some Theoretical Principles for Nanoparticles Magnetic Characterizations 40
2.1.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 42
2.1.3.1 Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis by Bacteria 44
2.1.4 Theoretical Aspects of Bacterial Cell Cultivation 46
2.1.4.1 Calculation of Bacteria Generation Time 46
2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles By Viruses 49
2.2.1 Synthesis of Fe Based Nanocomposite by T4 Bacteriophage Virus 51
2.2.2 Synthesis of Pt, Au, or Ag Nanoparticles by Tobacco Mosaic Virus 51
2.2.3 Synthesis of Gold NPs by Virus Mediated Reduction 53
Case Study 2.1 Biosynthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Ag NPs Using Escherichia Coli 56
References 60
Chapter 3: Eukaryotic Synthesis of Nanomaterials 62
3.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Algae 63
3.1.1 Gold Nanoplates Synthesized in the Algal Extract 64
3.1.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 67
3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi 68
3.2.1 Synthesis of Gold NPs by Cell-Free Fungi Extract 68
3.2.1.1 Mechanism of Gold NPs Synthesis by Fungi 73
3.2.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 75
3.2.3 Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles 75
3.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Yeast 77
3.3.1 Synthesis of Silver NPs 77
3.3.1.1 Mechanism of Ag NPs Synthesis by Yeast Yarrowia Lipolytica NCYC 789 78
3.3.2 Synthesis of Iron Containing Magnetic NPs 79
3.3.3 Biosynthesis of Copper NPs by the Yeast Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa 80
Case Study 3.1 Preparation of Fungus Biomass for Nanoparticles Synthesis 82
References 84
Chapter 4: Phyto-Synthesis of Nanomaterials 86
4.1 Green Chemistry or Phytonanotechnology 87
4.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants and Plant Extracts 89
4.2.1 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 91
4.2.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 94
4.2.3 Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles 100
4.2.4 Synthesis of Indium (III) Oxide (In2O3) Nanoparticles 100
4.3 Factors Affecting Synthesis of NPs by Plant Extracts 100
4.4 Theoretical Aspects in Nanoparticles Post-synthetic Characterizations 103
Case Study 4.1 Biological Synthesis of Pt Nanoparticles Using Diopyros Kaki Leaf Extract 104
References 107
Chapter 5: Zoosynthesis of Nanomaterials 109
5.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Marine Sponges 110
5.1.1 Biosynthesis of Gold NPs Using Marine Sponges 111
5.1.2 Synthesis of Silver NPs Using Marine Sponges 113
5.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Oyster Shells 117
5.3 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Marine Invertebrate (Polychaete) 118
5.4 Synthesis of CaCO3 Nanoparticles by Cockle Shell 121
5.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Scallop Shells 122
5.6 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Abalone Shells 124
5.7 Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Fish Waste 128
5.8 Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Insects 128
Case Study 5.1 Preparation of Chitosan from Brine Shrimp (Artemia urmiana) Cyst Shells 130
References 133
Chapter 6: Separation of Nanomaterials 135
6.1 Separation of Nanoparticles 135
6.1.1 Physical Separation Methods for Nanoparticles 136
6.1.2 Sedimentation of Nanoparticles 136
6.1.3 Filtration of Nanoparticles 137
6.1.4 Magnetic Field Separation of Nanoparticles 140
6.1.5 Evaporation and Crystallization of Nanoparticles 143
6.1.6 Distillation and Sublimation of Nanoparticles 144
6.1.7 Chromatographic Separation of Nanoparticles 147
6.1.8 Centrifugal Separation of Nanoparticles 148
6.1.9 Extraction of Nanoparticles 151
6.2 Chemical Methods for Nanoparticles Separation 151
6.2.1 Electrophoresis of Nanoparticles 151
6.2.2 Selective Precipitation of Nanoparticles 154
6.2.2.1 Salt Triggered Selective Precipitation of Gold NPs 154
6.2.2.2 Size Selective Precipitation of Quantum Dots (QD) 155
6.2.3 Acid-Wash Treatment Separation of Nanoparticles 156
6.2.3.1 Chemical Destabilization of Nanoparticles 157
Case Study 6.1 Technologies for Extraction 157
References 163
Chapter 7: Purification on Nanomaterials 165
7.1 Purification of Nanomaterials 165
7.1.1 Purification of Gold Nanoparticles 166
7.1.2 Purification of Silver Nanoparticles 172
7.1.3 Purification of Colloidal CdTe Nanoparticles 172
7.1.4 Purification of Colloidal ZnO Nanoparticles 175
7.2 Comparison of Purification Methods 175
Case Study 7.1 Electrophoresis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 176
References 181
Chapter 8: Characterization of Nanoparticles After Biological Synthesis 183
8.1 Phase Characterization of Nanoparticles 184
8.1.1 X-ray Diffraction of Synthesized NPs 184
8.1.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) of Synthesized NPs 186
8.1.3 Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) of Synthesized NPs 187
8.2 Morphological Characterization of Synthesized NPs 188
8.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) Characterizations 189
8.2.2 Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller Method (BET) 192
8.3 Spectroscopical Characterization of Synthesized NPs 193
8.3.1 Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy of Au and Ag Nanoparticles 193
8.3.2 UV-Vis. Absorption Spectroscopy of Au and Ag NPs 194
Case Study 8.1 SEM and EDX Characterization of Oyster Shell Supported Zero Valent Iron Nanoadsorbents 197
References 199
Copyright Permissions for Acknowledgement 202
Chapter 1 202
Chapter 2 203
Chapter 3 204
Chapter 4 205
Chapter 5 206
Chapter 6 207
Chapter 7 208
Chapter 8 209
Index 210