Ms. Duan got her PhD degree from University of Science and Technology of Beijing & China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) in 2005. Dr. Duan is associate professor of the Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). Her research interests cover, a) improving the accuracy of exposure measurement of environmental pollutants from environmental exposure, personal exposure to biomarkers; b) Human activity patterns survey and its application in exposure assessment and environmental health risk assessment. c) Environmental health risk assessment / management based policy and decision making. Currently, she is leading the first Chinese National Environmental Exposure Related Human Activity Patterns Survey. She has pubilshed more than 70 peer-reviewed papers and 4 Chinese books
The Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) has conducted the Environmental exposure related activity pattern research of Chinese population (Adults). Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population (Adults) was compiled based on the results from this study. Highlights of the Chinese Exposure Factors Handbook is a brief introduction to the content of Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population (Adults). In each chapter, definitions, possible influence factors, and survey methods have been introduced, followed by recommended values for urban/rural areas, different genders, age groups and regions with information of mean, median and P5, P25, P75, P95 values. With the abundant data and tables, readers are provided with an accessible and comprehensive overview of Chinese exposure factors. - The first and only one covering Chinese exposure factors, which have been absent until now and are essential for the exposure and risk assessment of environmental agents- Presents several tables on ingestion rates, as well as activity biology and residential factors based on data from a national survey- Provides a brief but comprehensive understanding of the environmental exposure-related factors for the Chinese population
Inhalation Rates
Beibei Wang, Zongshuang Wang, Yongjie Wei, Feifei Wang and Xiaoli Duan
2.1 Introduction
Inhalation rates refer to the volume of air inhaled per unit time (GM Richardson and Stantec Consulting Ltd., 2013). The recommendations include long and short-term inhalation rates. Based on the activity level, short-term inhalation rates could be further divided into inhalation rates for sleeping, sedentary behavior, and light, moderate, high, and very high intensity activity.
There are three approaches to obtaining inhalation rates.
(1) Doubly labeled water measurements
Two forms of stable isotopically labeled water (2H2O and H218O) are used, and the difference in the disappearance rates of the two isotopes in a subject's body represents the energy expended over a period of 1-3 half-lives of the labeled water.
(2) Relationship between inhalation rates and heart rates
This approach measures the inhalation rates and heart rates of a representative population, and establishes a model of the relationship between them. The inhalation rates of the target population can then be calculated based on the model (USEPA, 2011).
(3) Human energy expenditure method
R=E×H×VQ1440 (2-1)
Where, IR: Inhalation rate, L/min; H: volume of oxygen consumed to produce 1 kcal of energy (typically 0.05 L/kJ); VQ: ventilatory equivalent (typically 27); E: energy expended per unit time, kJ/d.
2.2 Recommended values
The recommended inhalation rates for adults were calculated based on data collected in the Environmental exposure related activity patterns research of Chinese population (Adults) (CEERHAPS-A), using the energy expenditure method. Table 2-1 presents the mean and 5th-95th percentile data of long-term inhalation rates by gender, age, urban/rural location, and region. Tables 2-2 to 2-7 provide the mean and 5th-95th percentile data of short-term inhalation rates for individuals performing various activities by gender, age, urban/rural location, and region. Table 2-8 shows the recommended values of long and short-term inhalation rates by province.
Table 2-1
Recommended values of long-term inhalation rates
| Total | 16.1 | 12.3 | 14.2 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 20.4 |
| Gender | Male | 17.7 | 12.7 | 16.7 | 18.0 | 19.2 | 21.3 |
| Female | 14.5 | 12.0 | 13.8 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 16.5 |
| Age | 18–44 | 16.7 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 16.0 | 18.2 | 20.6 |
| 45–59 | 16.7 | 13.8 | 14.8 | 16.0 | 18.1 | 20.2 |
| 60–79 | 13.8 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 15.0 | 17.5 |
| 80+ | 12.0 | 9.9 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 15.0 |
| Urban/Rural | Urban | 16.3 | 12.6 | 14.3 | 15.8 | 18.3 | 20.7 |
| Rural | 16.0 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 20.1 |
| Region | North | 16.5 | 12.7 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 18.4 | 20.9 |
| East | 16.1 | 12.2 | 14.2 | 15.6 | 18.1 | 20.4 |
| South | 15.8 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 15.4 | 17.6 | 19.7 |
| Northwest | 16.2 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 15.8 | 18.2 | 20.4 |
| Northeast | 16.7 | 12.9 | 14.7 | 16.2 | 18.6 | 21.2 |
| Southwest | 15.7 | 11.8 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 17.5 | 19.7 |
Source: 2013 CEERHAPS-A.
Table 2-2
Recommended values of short-term inhalation rates—sleeping
| Total | 5.6 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 7.1 |
| Gender | Male | 6.2 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 7.4 |
| Female | 5.1 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 |
| Age | 18–44 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 7.3 |
| 45–59 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 7.1 |
| 60–79 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 6.1 |
| 80+ | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 5.1 |
| Urban/Rural | Urban | 5.7 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 7.2 |
| Rural | 5.6 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 7 |
| Region | North | 5.8 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 7.3 |
| East | 5.6 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 7.1 |
| South | 5.5 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.9 |
| Northwest | 5.7 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 7.1 |
| Northeast | 5.8 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 7.4 |
| Southwest | 5.5 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.9 |
Source: 2013 CEERHAPS-A.
Table 2-3
Recommended values of short-term inhalation rates—sedentary behavior
| Total | 6.8 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 8.6 |
| Gender | Male | 7.4 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 8.9 |
| Female | 6.1 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.9 |
| Age | 18–44 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 8.8 |
| 45–59 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 8.5 |
| 60–79 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 7.3 |
| 80+ | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 6.2 |
| Urban/Rural | Urban | 6.8 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 8.7 |
| Rural | 6.7 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 8.4 |
| Region | North | 6.9 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 8.8 |
| East | 6.8 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 8.6 |
| South | 6.6 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 8.3 |
| Northwest | 6.8 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 8.5 |
| Northeast | 7.0 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 8.9 |
| Southwest | 6.6 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 8.3 |
Source: 2013 CEERHAPS-A.
Table 2-4
Recommended values of short-term inhalation rates—light-intensity...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 10.9.2015 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe |
| Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pharmakologie / Toxikologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-803126-3 / 0128031263 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-803126-1 / 9780128031261 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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