Airport, Aircraft, and Airline Security (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Airport, Aircraft, and Airline Security 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 6
Preface 14
Section I: ATTACKS AGAINST AIR TRAFFIC 16
Chapter 1. THE HIJACKING THREAT 18
EVOLUTION OF "SKYJACKING" 19
MOTIVATION OF HIJACKERS 19
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 20
OTHER SUGGESTIONS 22
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE HIJACKER 22
SKY MARSHAL PROGRAM 23
AIRPORT AND AIRLINE SECURITY PROPOSALS 25
NEW CARRIER RULES 26
NEW AIRPORT RULES 27
THE LAST STRAW 28
THE END BEGINS 28
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION 30
TRAINING LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS 31
FUNDING 31
GROWING PAINS 33
AIR CARRIER STANDARD SECURITY PROGRAM (ACSSP) 34
Chapter 2. TERRORISM 36
WHO ARE THE TERRORISTS? 38
THE INNOCENT VICTIM 42
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AMONG TERRORIST GROUPS 43
SURROGATE WARFARE 44
COMBATING TERRORISM 46
FINANCES 49
Chapter 3. TERRORISM COUNTERACTION 52
NEW STRENGTH IN U.S. LAW 53
INTERNATIONAL LAW 55
WHAT IS AN ATTEMPT? 58
FOREIGN AIRPORT SECURITY 58
WHAT IS REASONABLE SECURITY FOR A U.S. AIRPORT? 63
EL AL SECURITY 66
Chapter 4. PAN AM 103 68
RESPONSIBILITY 69
THE EXPLOSIVE 70
DISSEMINATION OF THREAT WARNINGS 70
THE HELSINKI THREAT 70
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION OF THREATS 71
PASSENGER/BAGGAGE RECONCILIATION 72
OTHER ISSUES 72
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION 73
AVIATION SECURITY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1990 74
Section II: AIRCRAFT SECURITY 78
Chapter 5. PREDEPARTURE SCREENING 80
STERILE CONCOURSE 80
STERILE BOARDING AREA 82
DEPARTURE GATE SCREENING 82
SCREENING CHECKPOINT ENHANCEMENTS 83
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 84
SCREENING PASSENGERS 89
BODY SEARCH 91
SPECiAL SITUATIONS 92
SCREENING AIRPORT AND AIRLINE EMPLOYEES 94
SCREENING DIPLOMATS 95
SCREENING CARRY-ON LUGGAGE 96
THEFTS AT THE CHECKPOINT 98
UNDETECTED WEAPONS 98
PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF CARRY-ON LUGGAGE 98
X-RAY INSPECTION OF CARRY-ON LUGGAGE 101
DISCOVERY OF CONTRABAND DURING SCREENING 103
SPECIAL SEARCH SITUATIONS 104
CONTRACT SECURITY SELECTION AND TRAINING 106
ALTERNATIVE SECURITY CONCEPT 108
HUMAN FACTORS IN SECURITY SCREENING 109
TESTING AND ENFORCEMENT 110
HEIGHTENED SECURITY 111
Chapter 6. SCREENING AND THE LAW 114
THE LEGAL AUTHORITY OF PRIVATE PERSONS TO SEARCH 115
POLICE PARTICIPATION 117
INEVITABLE DISCOVERY EXCEPTION TO THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE 121
WHO IS A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER? 122
LEGALITY OF AIRPORT SCREENING SEARCHES 123
PASSENGER'S RIGHT TO TERMINATE THE SEARCH PROCESS 127
FAILURE TO CLEAR METAL DETECTOR 133
CONTRABAND 134
Chapter 7. METAL DETECTORS, X-RAY INSPECTION, AND EXPLOSIVES DETECTION 140
METAL DETECTORS 140
METAL DETECTORS AND COMPUTERS 144
X-RAY INSPECTION UNITS 145
DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES BY X-RAY 150
X-RAY SAFETY 151
X-RAY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM 156
X-RAY AND MAGNETIC TAPE 157
X-RAY AND COMPUTERS 158
PLASTIC GUNS 160
EXPLOSIVES DETECTION SYSTEMS 161
Chapter 8. WEAPONS, PRISONERS, AND RESTRICTED ARTICLES 166
WEAPONS 166
PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO CARRY WEAPONS DURING FLIGHT 168
ARMED POLICE OFFICERS IN THE STERILE CONCOURSE 170
CARRIAGE OF PRISONERS 171
ALIENS 173
RESTRICTED MATERIALS 174
Chapter 9. BAGGAGE, CARGO, AND EXEMPT FLIGHTS 178
PASSENGER/BAGGAGE RECONCILIATION 180
EXPLOSIVES AND SCREENING 180
SCREENING CARGO 182
SCREENING MAIL 183
INDIRECT AIR CARRIERS 184
DRUG SMUGGLING 185
CHARTER FLIGHT SECURITY 187
MAINTAINING THE SECURITY LEVEL 188
Chapter 10. BOMB THREAT RESPONSE 192
HANDLING THE BOMB THREAT 192
BOMB THREAT SEARCH PROCEDURES 195
USE OF SEARCH DOGS 197
Section III: AIRPORT SECURITY 200
Chapter 11. PERIMETER SECURITY AND LIGHTING 202
POSTING 202
FENCING 202
EXTERIOR ALARM SENSORS 205
LIGHTING 207
FINANCIAL LIMITS 209
Chapter 12. IDENTIFICATIONF OR SECURITY 210
ACCESS CONTROL CARDS 212
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION–BIOMETRICS 215
PHOTO IDENTIFICATION BADGES 216
VIDEO BADGES 217
BADGING OF VISITORS AND CONTRACT EMPLOYEES 218
LOST BADGES 219
ENFORCEMENT OF IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM 220
U.S. CUSTOMS BADGING 220
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING 221
Chapter 13. TERMINAL AND RAMP SECURITY 224
KEYS 226
LOCKS 228
ELECTRIC LOCKS 229
INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS 230
ALARM SYSTEM SENSORS 232
FIRE PROTECTION 233
SECURITY OF PARKED AIRCRAFT 236
Chapter 14. LAW ENFORCEMENT, COMMUNICATIONS, AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING 240
LAW ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION AT AIRPORTS 241
JURISDICTIONAL PROBLEMS 241
AIRPORT COMMUNICATIONS 243
EMERGENCY POWER 245
BOMB THREAT CONTINGENCY PLANNING 245
Chapter 15. GENERAL AVIATION SECURITY 252
CORPORATE AIRCRAFT 254
IN-TRANSIT RAMP SECURITY 255
AIRCRAFT AND AVIONICS THEFTS 256
DRUG SMUGGLING 257
HIJACKING 257
Section IV. AIRLINE SECURITY 260
Chapter 16. INVESTIGATION MANAGEMENT 262
OBJECTIVES OF AN INVESTIGATION 262
CREDIT AND CRIMINAL CHECKS 263
SURVEILLANCE 265
CELLULAR AND CORDLESS TELEPHONES 266
EMPLOYEE PRIVACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE 267
SEARCHES 267
INTERVIEWS AND INTERROGATIONS 269
TRUTH VERIFICATION DEVICES 272
INTEGRITY TESTS 276
RESTITUTION 277
DRUGS IN THE WORKPLACE 277
DRUG TESTING 279
ALCOHOL 280
THE FUTURE 282
Chapter 17. TICKET FRAUD 284
TICKET THEFTS 285
USE OF STOLEN TICKETS 286
TICKET CONSOLIDATORS 287
FREQUENT FLYER TICKETS 288
OVERBOOKING AND DENIED BOARDING COMPENSATION 291
UNREPORTED TICKET SALES 294
COUNTERFEIT TICKETS 295
ALTERED TICKETS 295
MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES ORDERS 296
TICKET-BY-MAIL FRAUD 296
PREPAID TICKET ADVICE FRAUD 297
REFUND FRAUD 298
PROSECUTION AND LEGISLATION 299
Chapter 18. TICKET STOCK SECURITY 302
PRINTING PLANT SECURITY 303
TICKET WAREHOUSES AND DISTRIBUTION CENTERS 305
CITY TICKET OFFICES 306
CONTROL OF INVENTORY EXPOSURE 307
AUTOMATED TICKET AND BOARDING PASS 307
AIRPORT TICKET COUNTERS 308
TRAVEL AGENCIES 309
SATELLITE TICKET PRINTERS 309
DOCUMENT SECURITY RESOLUTION 310
Chapter 19. CREDIT CARD FRAUD 312
STOLEN AND ALTERED CREDIT CARDS 312
CREDIT CARD FRAUD ACT OF 1984 313
PREVENTIVE MEASURES 315
Chapter 20. BAGGAGE HANDLING AND SECURITY 320
CHECK-IN 321
BAGGAGE HANDLING 322
DAMAGED BAGS 323
THEFT DETERRENCE 323
IDENTIFYING BAGGAGE THIEVES 326
BAGGAGE CLAIM 326
BAGGAGE LIABILITY 327
BAGGAGE CLAIMS INVESTIGATION 328
DISPOSITION OF UNCLAIMED BAGGAGE 330
Chapter 21. MISAPPROPRIATION 332
FLIGHT KITCHENS AND COMMISSARIES 333
IN-FLIGHT SALES 334
THEFT OF AIRLINE PROPERTY 337
THE DISHONEST FEW 338
Section V: AIRFREIGHT SECURITY 340
Chapter 22. AIR CARGO SECURITY PROBLEMS 342
GROWTH OF CARGO CARRIAGE 342
WHAT CARGO GOES BY AIR? 343
INHERENT SECURITY PROBLEMS 343
EMERGENCE OF CARGO THEFT PROBLEMS 344
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE 345
PRIMARY PREVENTION 348
Chapter 23. PHYSICAL SECURITYOF THE FREIGHT TERMINAL 350
EMPLOYEE PARKING 351
DOCK SECURITY 352
TERMINAL ACCESS 353
GATE HOUSES 353
CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION 354
GUARD FORCE OPERATIONS 356
CONCLUSION 357
Chapter 24. SECURITY PROCEDURES FOR AIR CARGO HANDLING 358
ACCOUNTABILITY 358
DETERRENTS TO PILFERAGE BY COUNT 359
TRUCK SEALS 360
COLLUSION 360
FRAUDULENT PICKUPS 361
PROTECTION OF DOCUMENTATION 362
CONTAINERIZATION AND SECURITY 362
PACKAGING 363
DAMAGED CARTONS 363
CARRIER TRANSFER VEHICLE SUPERVISION 364
CONTAINER SEALS 365
ROUGH HANDLING AND DELAY 367
Chapter 25. HIGH-VALUE SHIPMENTS 370
ARTICLES OF EXTRAORDINARY VALUE 370
ATTRACTIVE MERCHANDISE 374
HIGH-VALUE SECURITY CAGE 375
Chapter 26. THE "PEOPLE FACTOR" IN CARGO THEFT 378
PERSONNEL SCREENING 378
PROCEDURES FOR NEW EMPLOYEES 381
PROMOTION ON SENIORITY 381
SUPERVISION 381
Chapter 27. A MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO CARGO SECURITY 384
SELLING CARGO SECURITY TO MANAGEMENT 384
SELLING BY THE NUMBERS 385
AVOIDING THE LOSS OPPORTUNITY 386
RETAINING MANAGEMENT SUPPORT 386
CHAPTER 28. CARGO THEFT INVESTIGATION 388
SIX SERVING MEN 388
WHO IS STEALING AIR CARGO? 388
WHERE ARE THE THEFTS TAKING PLACE? 389
HOW IS IT BEING STOLEN? (INFORMATION AND INTELLIGENCE) 389
WHAT IS BEING STOLEN? 390
WHY ARE EMPLOYEES STEALING? 391
WHEN DO THEFTS OCCUR? 391
SECURITY SURVEYS 391
ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY 392
Chapter 29. CONTROL BY AUDIT AND SURVEY 394
GUIDELINES FOR SECURITY INSPECTION OF AIR FREIGHT TERMINALS 395
Appendix: SIGNIFICANT INCIDENTS 402
INDEX 414