Handbook of Fiber Optics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Handbook of Fiber Optics 
4 
Copyright Page 5
Tabale of Contents 8
Dedication 6
Foreword 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
General Introduction 18
Historical Developments 20
The Optical Fibers 21
Present Optical Fiber Communication Systems 22
Future Outlook of Optical Fiber Technologies 22
Optical Fiber Sensing Devices 26
References 27
PART ONE: The Optical Fibers 28
Chapter 2. The Optical Fibers 30
Introduction 30
Classification of Optical Fibers and Fiber Parameters 30
Materials and Doping 36
Fiber Fabrication 41
Optical Fiber Cables 48
Conclusion 52
References 53
Chapter 3. Wave Propagation in Lightguides 55
Introduction 55
Planar Lightguide 55
Cylindrical Optical Fibers 63
Multimode Cylindrical Lightguides 71
Optical Fiber Loss Mechanisms 80
Intermodal and Intramodal Dispersions 87
Conclusion 98
References 98
Chapter 4. Auxiliary Components for Optical Fiber Systems 101
Introduction 101
Splices 101
Connectors 106
Couplers 109
Switches 119
Attenuators and Isolators 120
Recent Development in Fiber Optic Components 120
Conclusion 123
References 124
Chapter 5. Optical Fiber Measurements 126
Introduction 126
Basic Techniques in Optical Fiber Measurement 127
Fiber Loss Measurements 139
Dispersion Measurements 147
Guidelines for SMF Measurements 155
Conclusion 156
Appendix: Commercial Test Equipment 157
References 158
PART TWO: Semiconductor Light Sources and Detectors 160
Chapter 6. Semiconductor Light Sources: Light-Emitting Diodes and Injection Lasers 162
Introduction 162
General Considerations of Semiconductor Light Sources for Fiber Optic Applications 171
Light-Emitting Diodes 175
Lasers 180
Laser Structures 185
Distributed-Feedback Lasers 193
Cleaved Coupled-Cavity or C3 Lasers 195
Quantum-Well Lasers 196
Materials for and Epitaxial Growth Techniques of LEDs and LDs 200
Conclusion 201
References 201
Chapter 7. Photodetectors 204
Introduction 204
General Requirements of a Good Detector 204
Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Probability of Error 211
PIN Photodiode 213
Avalanche Photodiode 216
Photoconductors 220
Comparison between Photodetectors 223
Recent Developments in Photodetector Technology 225
Conclusion 228
References 228
PART THREE: Optical Fiber Communication Systems 230
Chapter 8. Optical Fiber Transmitter and Receiver 232
Introduction 232
The Choices of Optical Fibers and Operating Wavelength 232
Modulating a Transmitter 235
Modulation Format 245
Optic Fiber Receiver 250
System Design 253
The Repeater 266
Expanding System Capacity by Multiplexing 268
Coherent Fiber-Optic Communication 270
Conclusion 273
References 273
Chapter 9. Fiber Optic Communication Networks 276
Introduction 276
Past and Projected Milestones of Fiber Optic Technology 276
Network Development 280
Examples of the Existing LANs and MANs 283
Long-Haul Systems 288
Conclusion 292
References 293
PART FOUR: Optical Fiber Sensors, Passive Applications, and Integrated Devices 294
Chapter 10. Physical Phenomena for Optical Fiber Sensors 296
Introduction 296
Fiber Birefringence 297
The State of Polarization 298
The Electrooptic Effect 299
The Photoelastic Effect 301
The Magnetooptic Effect 302
Classification of Optical Fiber Sensors 303
Single-Mode versus Multimode Fibers 309
Conclusion 309
References 310
Chapter 11. Optical Fiber Sensors 311
Introduction 311
Temperature Sensors 311
Pressure Sensors: Sound-Pressure Sensors 315
Liquid-Level Sensors 319
Flow Sensor: Type F-2 321
Magnetic Sensors 323
Displacement Sensors 326
Pollution Sensors 329
Medical Applications 330
Fiber Optical Gyroscope: Type P-1 331
Conclusion 334
References 335
Chapter 12. Miscellaneous Passive Applications of Optical Fibers 338
Introduction 338
The Fiber Bundle 338
Optical Fibers for a Wide Wavelength Range 341
The GRIN-Rod Lenses 343
Nonsemiconductor Lasers 345
Fiber Optics in Medicine 349
Fiber Optics in Industry 355
Fiber Optics in Military Applications 357
Fiber Optics in Commercial Applications 357
Fiber Optics in Instrumentation Industry 361
Other Applications 364
Conclusion 365
References 365
Chapter 13. Integrated Optical Fiber Devices 367
Introduction 367
Integrated Optic Fabrication Technology 368
Passive Integrated Optical Devices 370
Hybrid and Monolithic Integration 381
Conclusion 386
References 387
Index 390