Process Analytical Chemistry

1 Process analytical chemistry in perspectivel.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Terminology.- 1.3 An integrated approach.- 1.4 Technology and instrumentation.- 1.5 PAC maintenance and support.- 1.6 Safety.- 1.7 Information sources.- References.- 2 Sampling systems.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Sample points.- 2.3 Preconditioning system.- 2.4 Sample transport.- 2.5 Conditioning system.- 2.6 Stream selection.- 2.7 Sample disposal.- 3 Physical property analyzers.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Viscosity measurement.- 3.3 Boiling point measurement.- 3.4 Flash point measurement.- 3.5 Pour point, cloud point and associated measurements.- 3.6 Vapor pressure measurement.- 3.7 Density and specific gravity measurement.- 3.8 Heating value measurement.- 3.9 Measurement of octane number.- 3.10 Refractive index measurement.- 3.11 Thermal conductivity measurement.- Reference.- 4 Process chromatography.- 4.1 Historical perspective of process chromatography.- 4.2 A simple chromatography model.- 4.3 Process gas chromatography.- 4.4 Liquid chromatography.- 4.5 Process supercritical fluid chromatography.- 4.6 Ion chromatography.- 4.7 Programmer/controller/communication.- References.- 5 Flow injection analysis.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Fundamental principles.- 5.3 Instrumentation.- 5.4 FI methodologies.- 5.5 Process applications.- 5.6 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Molecular spectroscopy.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Optical spectroscopy.- 6.3 Process mass spectrometry.- References.- 7 Electrochemical methods.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Potentiometry.- 7.3 Amperometry.- 7.4 Conclusions.- References.- 8 Process chemometrics.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Definition.- 8.3 Process monitoring.- 8.4 Multivariate calibration.- 8.5 Non-linear calibration methods.- 8.6 Intrument standardization.- 8.7 Process modeling.- 8.8 Process control.- 8.9 The future.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 9 Environmental monitoring for a sustainable future: From pollution control to pollution prevention.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Environmental monitoring.- 9.3 Regulatory concerns.- 9.4 Environmental monitoring technology.- 9.5 The future.- References.- 10 Non-invasive techniques.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Benefits and drawbacks.- 10.3 Techniques.- 10.4 Conclusions.- References.- 11 Future developments of chemical sensor and analyzer systems.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The higher order approach to array sensing.- 11.3 Optical sensing.- 11.4 Silicon processing for sensor development.- 11.5 Acoustic sensing.- 11.6 Metal oxide semiconductor sensors.- 11.7 Ion selective electrodes.- 11.8 Conclusion.- References.