Structure—Property Relationships in Polymers

1. Chemical Structure of Polymers.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Shapes and Energy Considerations.- 1.3 Copolymers.- 1.4 Heteroatomic Polymers.- 1.5 References.- 2. Physical Structure of Polymers.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Melt Viscosity.- 2.3 Interchain and Intrachain Forces.- 2.4 Glass Transition Temperature.- 2.5 Crystallinity.- 2.6 Elastomers.- 2.7 Fibers.- 2.8 Plastics.- 2.9 References.- 3. Tests for Properties of Polymers.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Thermal Tests.- 3.3 Solubility Tests.- 3.4 Tests for Diffusion and Permeability.- 3.5 Tests for Mechanical Properties.- 3.6 Tests for Optical Properties.- 3.7 Flammability Tests.- 3.8 Tests for Electric Properties.- 3.9 Tests for Chemical Resistance.- 3.10 Weatherability.- 3.11 References.- 4. Optical Properties of Polymers.- 4.1 General.- 4.2 Refractive Index.- 4.3 Optical Clarity.- 4.4 Absorption and Reflectance.- 4.5 References.- 5. Mechanical Properties of Polymers.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Molecular Weight.- 5.3 Crystallinity.- 5.4 Temperature.- 5.5 Polar Substituents.- 5.6 Additives.- 5.7 Pressure.- 5.8 Physical Models.- 5.9 Viscoelasticity.- 5.10 References.- 6. Electric Properties of Polymers.- 6.1 Dielectric Properties—Contributions.- 6.2 Derealization.- 6.3 Direct Current Measurements.- 6.4 Dielectric Constant.- 6.5 Alternating Current.- 6.6 General.- 6.7 References.- 7. Thermal Properties of Polymers.- 7.1 Glass Transition and Melting Range.- 7.2 Copolymers.- 7.3 Additives.- 7.4 Thermal Conductivity.- 7.5 Heat Capacity.- 7.6 Thermal Linear Expansivity.- 7.7 Thermal Stability.- 7.8 References.- 8. Solubility.- 8.1 Solubility Parameter.- 8.2 Polymer Compatibility.- 8.3 Viscosity.- 8.4 References.- 9. Diffusion and Permeation of Gas and Vapors in Polymers.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 References.- 10. Chemical Resistance ofPolymers.- 10.1 Rate of Attack.- 10.2 Chemical Oxidation.- 10.3 Stress Cracking and Crazing.- 10.4 Combustion.- 10.5 Polyolefins.- 10.6 Halogenated Aliphatic Polymers.- 10.7 Hydroxyl-Containing Polymers.- 10.8 Condensation Polymers.- 10.9 Aromatic Polymers.- 10.10 References.- 11. Effect of Additives on Polymers.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Fillers.- 11.3 Reinforcements.- 11.4 Coupling Agents.- 11.5 Antioxidants.- 11.6 Ultraviolet Light Stabilizers.- 11.7 Flame Retardants.- 11.8 Plasticizers.- 11.9 Heat Stabilizers.- 11.10 Impact Modifiers.- 11.11 Other Additives.- 11.12 References.- 12. Properties of Polyolefins.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 High-Density Polyethylene.- 12.3 Low-Density Polyethylene.- 12.4 Copolymers of Ethylene.- 12.5 Crosslinked Polyethylene.- 12.6 Polypropylene.- 12.7 Copolymers of Propylene.- 12.8 Polyisobutylene.- 12.9 Poly-1-butene.- 12.10 Poly-4-methylpentene-1.- 12.11 Polyalkadienes.- 12.12 References.- 13. Polymeric Hydrocarbons with Pendant Groups.- 13.1 Polystyrene.- 13.2 Styrene Copolymers.- 13.3 Substituted Styrene Polymers.- 13.4 Polyvinyl Chloride and Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride.- 13.5 Copolymers of Vinyl Chloride and of Vinylidene Chloride.- 13.6 Fluorine-Containing Polymers and Copolymers.- 13.7 Polymers and Copolymers of Acrylonitrile.- 13.8 Polymers and Copolymers of Acrylamide and Methacrylamide.- 13.9 Polymers and Copolymers of Acrylic Acid and Methacrylic Acid.- 13.10 Polymers and Copolymers of Alkyl Acrylates.- 13.11 Polyalkyl-2-cyanoacrylates.- 13.12 Polymers and Copolymers of Alkyl Methacrylates.- 13.13 Polyvinyl Acetate.- 13.14 Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polyvinyl Acetals.- 13.15 Polyvinyl Methyl Ether.- 13.16 Polyvinyl-2-pyrrolidone.- 13.17 Poly-N-vinylcarbazole.- 13.18 Polychloroprene.- 13.19 References.- 14. Aliphatic Polymers with Heteroatom Chains.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Polyethers.- 14.3 Polyolefin Polysulfides.- 14.4 Aliphatic Polyesters.- 14.5 Nylons.- 14.6 Polyurethanes and Polyureas.- 14.7 Polypeptides—Proteins.- 14.8 Polysaccharides.- 14.9 Modified Cellulosics.- 14.10 Silicones (Siloxanes).- 14.11 Polyphosphazenes.- 14.12 References.- 15. High-Performance Polymers.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Alkyds, Polyesters, and Allylic Resins.- 15.3 Phenolic Resins.- 15.4 Amino and Amido-Derived Resins.- 15.5 Epoxy Resins.- 15.6 Furan Resins.- 15.7 Polycarbonates.- 15.8 Polyarylether Ketones.- 15.9 Polyaryl Sulfones.- 15.10 Polyphenylene Oxide and Phenoxy Resins.- 15.11 Polyphenylene Sulfide.- 15.12 References.- 16. Selection of Polymers for Special Applications.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Water-Soluble Polymers.- 16.3 Oil-Soluble Polymers.- 16.4 Oil-Insoluble Polymers.- 16.5 Flame-Retardant Polymers.- 16.6 Flexible Polymers.- 16.7 Water-Repellent Polymers.- 16.8 Heat-Resistant Polymers.- 16.9 Polymers with Resistance to Gaseous Permeation.- 16.10 Transparent Polymers.- 16.11 Insulating Polymers.- 16.12 Adhesive Polymers.- 16.13 Coatings.- 16.14 Corrosion-Resistant Polymers.- 16.15 References.- Appendix: Acronyms and Abbreviations.