Batteries for Portable Devices (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Preface 6
1. Basic Battery Concepts 14
1.1 Cells and Batteries: Components 14
1.2 Some Definitions 16
1.3 Practical Cells 20
1.4 Cell Interconnections 28
2. Characteristics of Batteries for Portable Devices 30
2.1 Common Portable Electric and Electronic Devices and their Batteries 30
2.2 Summarizing the Criteria of Choice of Primary and Secondary Batteries for Portable Devices 35
3 Battery Standards and Sizes 42
3.1 Designations of Primary Cells 42
3.2 Designation of Secondary Cells 42
3.3 Performance Tests 44
4. Primary Batteries 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 47
4.3 Alkaline Batteries 52
4.4 Zinc/Silver Oxide Batteries 60
4.5 Zinc/Air Batteries 65
4.6 Comparison of the Characteristics of Primary Aqueous Batteries 68
4.7 Lithium Batteries 68
4.8 Comparison of Primary Lithium Batteries 88
5. Rechargeable Batteries 90
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries 91
5.3 Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 96
5.4 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 109
5.5 Rechargeable Alkaline Zn/MnO2 Batteries 122
5.6 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (with Li-Based Negative Electrodes) 127
5.7 Lithium-Ion Batteries 132
5.8 Comparison of Secondary Batteries for Portable Devices 159
6. Batteries for Medical and Special Applications 160
6.1 Batteries for Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices 160
6.2 Other Medical Applications 166
6.3 Batteries for Special Applications 169
7. Battery Safety, Management and Charging 176
7.1 Correct Handling 176
7.2 Mechanical and Thermal Safety Devices 177
7.3 The Electronic Battery Control 179
7.4 Is Electronic Control Always Necessary? 196
7.5 Examples of Commercial Chargers 197
7.6 Safety Tests and Certifications 199
8. Energy Sources Supporting, or Substituting, Batteries 206
A. Small Fuel Cells 206
8.1 Introduction 206
8.2 Basics of PEM Fuel Cells 207
8.3 Single Cell and Cell Stack 211
8.4 Technical Challenges in Fuel Cells for Portable Electronics 216
8.5 Fuel Cells Miniaturization 218
8.6 Fuel Cells Prototypes 219
8.7 Comparison of Batteries and PEM Fuel cells 222
B. Small Supercapacitors 223
8.8 Introduction 223
8.9 Types of Supercapacitors 225
8.10 Characteristics of Available Supercapacitors 228
8.11 Advantages and Limitations in the Use of Supercapacitors 231
8.12 Applications of Supercapacitors 232
9. Spent Battery Collection and Recycling 238
9.1 Introduction 238
9.2 Where do Spent Portable Batteries Go? 244
9.3 Collection and Sorting of Spent Batteries 246
9.4 Battery Recycling 249
9.5 Regulatory Issues for Battery Disposal and Recycling in the U.S.A. and E.U 256
10. World Battery Market 260
10.1 General Trends 260
10.2 The Market of Rechargeable Batteries for Portable Devices 261
10.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries 265
10.4 Small Fuel Cells 269
Appendix A: Standard Electrode Potentials 272
Appendix B: Frequently Used Symbols and Their Relations* 274
Appendix C: Acronyms Used in Electronics and Mentioned in This Book 275
Appendix D: Glossary 276
Appendix E: Safety Considerations 283
Appendix F: Examples of Battery Chargers, State of Charge Indicators and Battery Protection Circuits 293
Appendix G 296
References 300
index 306