Ice Age Southern Andes (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Ice Age Southern Andes: A Chronicle of Pleoecological Events 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
Preface 8
Acknowledgments 10
List of figures and tables 14
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
Chapter 2. Backdrop of botanical exploration 20
Chapter 3. Physical setting 22
3.1 South America, Southern Ocean, and Antarctica. Their Position in the Southern Hemisphere 22
3.2 Andean Cordillera 22
3.3 Valle Central 28
3.4 Cordillera de la Costa 30
3.5 Continental Shelf 32
Chapter 4. Climate 33
4.1 General Characteristics 33
4.2 Climate Controls 35
Chapter 5. Glaciation 39
5.1 Late Tertiary–Pleistocene 39
5.2 Last Glaciation 40
5.3 Lateglacial 50
5.4 Present Interglaciation: Holocene 50
5.5 Glacier Models and Paleoclimate 54
Chapter 6. Land–sea level variations 55
Chapter 7. Volcanism 57
7.1 Fuego–Patagonia 57
7.2 Península de Taitao–Archipié1ago de los Chonos–Adjacent Andes 59
7.3 Región de los Lagos 60
7.4 Settlement Volcanic Activity 60
Chapter 8. Vegetation 61
8.1 Chilean Plant Formations 62
8.2 Argentine Plant Formations 85
8.3 Community Distribution and Dynamics 90
Chapter 9. Man, megafauna, and fire 91
Chapter 10. Research methods: approach to the problem of paleoenvironmental reconstruction 98
10.1 Field 98
10.2 Laboratory 98
10.3 Pollen and Spore Morphology 99
Chapter 11. Pollen fallout reflective of vegetation during latest centuries: presettlement and settlement 103
11.1 Presettlement 103
11.2 Settlement 118
Chapter 12. Paleoecological sites, cores, and pollen/spore diagrams 122
12.1 Northern Valle Central 122
12.2 Región de los Lagos 128
12.3 Isla Grande de Chiloé 148
12.4 Chiloé Continental 154
12.5 Southern Patagonia 159
12.6 Fuegia 171
Chapter 13. Ice age Southern Andes 191
13.1 Vegetation and Paleoclimate 191
13.2 Beetle (Coleoptera) and Pollen Evidence for Fullglacial–Lateglacial Climatic Change 195
13.3 Plant Migration 198
13.4 Relict Communities and Refugia 201
13.5 Correlative Marine–Land Stratigraphies 203
Chapter 14. Global connections 205
14.1 New Zealand–Tasmania 205
14.2 Southern Ocean–Antarctica 207
14.3 Europe–North Atlantic–North America 210
14.4 Overview 211
Chapter 15. Summary 212
References 215
Index 252