Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics: Atoms and Molecules (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Phaysics: Atoms and Molecules 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Contributors 14
Preface 16
Volumes in Series 18
Chapter 1. Thermal Beam Sources 22
1.1. Introduction 22
1.2. Theoretical Principles 23
1.3. Sources 30
References 40
Chapter 2. Supersonic Beam Sources 42
2.1. Introduction 42
2.2. Effusive Beams 42
2.3. Supersonic Expansion from Circular Nozzles (Axisymmetric Jets) 43
2.4. Clustering 52
2.5. Supersonic Expansions from Slit Nozzles (Plane Jets) 54
2.6. Implementation and Applications 57
References 64
Chapter 3. Fast Beam Sources 70
3.1. Introduction 70
3.2. Types of Sources 71
References 84
Chapter 4. Vapor Cells and Heat Pipes 88
4.1. Introduction 88
4.2. Thermal Vapor Cells 88
4.3. The Closed Heat Pipe 89
4.4. The Open-Ended Heat Pipe Oven 89
4.5. The Concentric Heat Pipe Oven 95
4.6. Crossed Concentric Heat Pipe Oven 97
4.7. Modified Concentric Heat Pipe Oven for Mixtures of Different Vapors 99
4.8. General Technical Considerations for the Heat Pipe Oven 103
References 103
Chapter 5. Free Radical Sources 106
5.1. Electrical Discharges 106
5.2. Photolysis 110
5.3. Chemical Formation 111
5.4. Laser Ablation 112
5.5. Thermal Generation 112
5.6. Supersonic Expansion 113
References 114
Chapter 6. Sources of Metastable Atoms and Molecules 116
6.1. Introduction 116
6.2. Electron-Beam Bombardment Sources 119
6.3. Discharge Sources 122
6.4. Charge-Transfer Sources 126
6.5. Optical-Pumping Sources 127
6.6. Thermal Sources 128
6.7. Beam Modification and Analysis 129
References 131
Chapter 7. Production of Rydberg Atoms 136
7.1. Introduction 136
7.2. Overview of the Methods 136
7.3. Electron Impact Excitation 138
7.4. Charge Exchange 140
7.5. Optical Excitation 142
7.6. Collisional–Optical Excitation 146
References 148
Chapter 8. Laser Cooling and Trapping of Neutral Atoms 150
8.1. Introduction 150
8.2. Laser Cooling 151
8.3. Atom Beam Cooling 153
8.4. Trapping 156
8.5. Evaporative Cooling 161
References 162
Chapter 9. Optical State-Preparation of Atoms 166
9.1. Introduction 166
9.2. Basic Concepts 167
9.3. Calculations of the Optical Pumping Process 168
9.4. Calculations and Experimental Reality 179
9.5. Diagnosis of an Optically Pumped Beam 182
9.6. Specific Atoms 184
References 189
Chapter 10. Methods and Applications of Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy 192
10.1. Introduction 192
10.2. RIS Schemes and Laser Sources 194
10.3. Atom Counting 199
10.4. SIRIS and LARIK 203
10.5. Thermal Atomization Methods 208
10.6. On-Line Accelerator Applications 210
References 210
Chapter 11. Detection of Metastable Atoms and Molecules 212
11.1. Introduction 212
11.2. Methods for the Detection of Metastable Species 214
11.3. Absolute Detection of Metastable Atoms 227
References 232
Chapter 12. Excited Level Lifetime Measurements 238
12.1. Introduction 238
12.2. Measurement of Radiative Lifetimes 240
12.3. Time-Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements 241
12.4. Beam Foil Lifetime Measurements 252
12.5. Fast Beam Laser Experiments for Lifetime Measurements 255
12.6. Measurement of Long Lifetimes in Trapped Ions 260
12.7. Branching Fraction Measurements 264
12.8. Precision Measurement of Absorption Oscillator Strengths 269
References 271
Chapter 13. Doppler-Free Spectroscopy 276
13. I. Introduction 276
13.2. Spectral Line-Broadening Mechanisms 276
13.3. Spectral Line-Narrowing Techniques 278
13.4. Saturated Absorption with Ramsay Interference Fringes 281
13.5. Two-Photon Spectroscopy 286
13.6. Trapped Particle Spectroscopy at the Dicke Limit 288
References 291
Chapter 14. Microwave Spectroscopy 294
14.1. Introduction 294
14.2. Microwave Spectroscopy with Conventional Spectrometers 295
14.3. Molecular Beam Electric Resonance Opto-thermal Spectrometers 303
14.4. Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy 308
14.5. Slit-Jet Microwave Spectrometers References 316
References 317
Chapter 15. Fast Beam Spectroscopy 322
15.1. Introduction 322
15.2. Background 323
15.3. Studies of Atoms 326
15.4. Studies of Molecules 335
15.5. Metrology 339
15.6. Summary and Outlook 340
References 341
Chapter 16. Quantum-Beat, Level-Crossing, and Anticrossing Spectroscopy 346
16.1. Introduction 346
16.2. Quantum Beats 346
16.3. Hanle Effect and Level-Crossing Spectroscopy 353
16.4. Anticrossing Spectroscopy 356
References 360
Chapter 17. Atom Interferometry 362
17.1. Introduction 362
17.2. Basic Concepts 363
17.3. Beam Splitters for Atoms: A Short Review 365
17.4. Realizations of Atom Interferometers 369
17.5. Proposals for Atom Interferometers 377
17.6. Summary and Outlook 379
References 380
Chapter 18. Classical Spectroscopy 384
18.1. Introduction 384
18.2. Basic Principles 384
18.3. Prisms 390
18.4. Diffraction Gratings 391
18.5. Multiple-Beam Interferometers 398
18.6. Two-Beam Interferometers 407
References 411
Chapter 19. Pulsed Laser Raman Spectroscopy of Dynamic Systems 414
19.1. Introduction 414
19.2. Raman Scattering 415
19.3. Product Formation and in Situ Monitoring 424
19.4. Excited States and Transient Species 425
19.5. Laser Raman Spectrometer Systems 427
19.6. Spectrometers 434
19.7. Conclusion 441
References 441
Index 450