Digital Watermarking (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Digital Watermarking 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 16
Example Watermarking Systems 20
Chapter 1. Introduction 28
1.1 Information Hiding, Steganography, and Watermarking 30
1.2 History of Watermarking 33
1.3 Importance of Digital Watermarking 36
Chapter 2. Applications and Properties 38
2.1 Applications 39
2.2 Properties 53
2.3 EvaluatingWatermarking Systems 63
2.4 Summary 66
Chapter 3. Models of Watermarking 68
3.1 Notation 69
3.2 Communications 70
3.3 Communication-Based Models of Watermarking 74
3.4 Geometric Models of Watermarking 87
3.5 Modeling Watermark Detection by Correlation 102
3.6 Summary 109
Chapter 4. Basic Message Coding 112
4.1 Mapping Messages into Message Vectors 113
4.2 Error Correction Coding 124
4.3 Detecting Multi-symbol Watermarks 131
4.4 Summary 141
Chapter 5. Watermarking with Side Information 144
5.1 Informed Embedding 146
5.2 Informed Coding 159
5.3 Structured Dirty-Paper Codes 171
5.4 Summary 181
Chapter 6. Analyzing Errors 184
6.1 Message Errors 185
6.2 False Positive Errors 189
6.3 False Negative Errors 197
6.4 ROC Curves 200
6.5 The Effect of Whitening on Error Rates 204
6.6 Analysis of Normalized Correlation 211
6.7 Summary 225
Chapter 7. Using Perceptual Models 228
7.1 Evaluating Perceptual Impact of Watermarks 229
7.2 General Form of a Perceptual Model 236
7.3 Two Examples of Perceptual Models 242
7.4 Perceptually Adaptive Watermarking 249
7.5 Summary 266
Chapter 8. Robust Watermarking 268
8.1 Approaches 269
8.2 Robustness to Valumetric Distortions 279
8.3 Robustness to Temporal and Geometric Distortions 296
8.4 Summary 303
Chapter 9. Watermark Security 306
9.1 Security Requirements 306
9.2 Watermark Security and Cryptography 319
9.3 Some Significant Known Attacks 329
9.4 Summary 343
Chapter 10. Content Authentication 346
10.1 Exact Authentication 348
10.2 Selective Authentication 357
10.3 Localization 372
10.4 Restoration 381
10.5 Summary 384
Appendix A. Background Concepts 386
A.1 Information Theory 386
A.2 Cryptography 392
Appendix B. Selected Theoretical Results 400
B.1 Capacity of Channels with Side Information at the Transmitter (Gel’fand and Pinsker) 400
B.2 Capacity of the AWGN Dirty-Paper Channel (Costa) 403
B.3 Information-Theoretic Analysis of Secure Watermarking (Moulin and O’Sullivan) 404
B.4 Error Probabilities Using Normalized Correlation Detectors (Miller and Bloom) 411
B.5 Effect of Quantization Noise on Watermarks (Eggers and Girod) 415
Appendix C. Source Code 422
C.1 E_BLIND/D_LC 423
C.2 E_FIXED_LC/D_LC 427
C.3 E_BLK_BLIND/D_BLK_CC 429
C.4 E_SIMPLE_8/D_SIMPLE_8 437
C.5 E_TRELLIS_8/D_TRELLIS_8 442
C.6 E_BLK_8/D_BLK_8 448
C.7 E_BLK_FIXED_CC/D_BLK_CC 450
C.8 E_BLK_FIXED_R/D_BLK_CC 454
C.9 E_DIRTY_PAPER/D_DIRTY_PAPER 457
C.10 E_LATTICE/D_LATTICE 461
C.11 E_BLIND/D_WHITE 470
C.12 E_BLK_BLIND/D_WHITE_BLK_CC 473
C.13 E_PERC_GSCALE/D_LC 475
C.14 E_PERC_SHAPE/D_LC 482
C.15 E_PERC_OPT/D_LC 485
C.16 E_MOD/D_LC 487
C.17 E_DCTQ/D_DCTQ 488
C.18 E_SFSIG/D_SFSIG 501
C.19 E_PXL/D_PXL 506
Appendix D. Notation and Common Variables 510
D.1 Variable Naming Conventions 510
D.2 Operators 511
D.3 Common Variable Names 512
D.4 Common Functions 513
Glossary 514
References 528
Index 548
About the Authors 568