Infectious Disease Informatics (eBook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
PREFACE Introduction 9
Scope and Organization 10
Audience 12
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16
LIST OF FIGURES 17
LIST OF TABLES 20
Part I SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS 21
Chapter 1 INFECTIOUS DISEASE INFORMATICS: AN INTRODUCTION AND AN ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK 22
Chapter 2 PUBLIC HEALTH SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS 28
1. SUMMARY OF NATIONWIDE SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS 29
2. SUMMARY OF SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS AT THE LOCAL, COUNTY, AND STATE LEVELS 36
3. SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS FOR SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE 44
4. SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE PROJECTS 46
5. SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE FOR SPECIAL EVENTS 48
Chapter 3 SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE DATA SOURCES AND COLLECTION STRATEGIES 51
1. DATA SOURCES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE 51
1.1 Comparison of Data Sources 55
2. STANDARDIZED VOCABULARIES 60
2.1 Existing Data Standards Used in Syndromic Surveillance 61
3. DATA ENTRY AND DATA TRANSMISSION 64
3.1 Data Entry Approaches 65
3.2 Secure Data Transmission 65
Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND OUTBREAK DETECTION 67
1. SYNDROME CLASSIFICATION 67
1.1 Syndrome Classification Approaches 69
1.2 Performance of Syndrome Classification Approaches 72
2. A TAXONOMY OF OUTBREAK DETECTION METHODS 73
2.1 Retrospective vs. Prospective Syndromic Surveillance 73
2.2 Temporal, Spatial, and Spatial-Temporal Outbreak Detection Methods 74
3. TEMPORAL DATA ANALYSIS 79
3.1 Statistical Process Control (SPC)-Based Anomaly Detection Detection Detection 79
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3.2 Serfling Statistic 80
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3.3 Autoregressive Model-Based Anomaly Detection 81
3.4 Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-Based Models 82
4. SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS 83
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4.1 Algorithm Generalized Linear Mixed Models and SMART 84
4.2 Spatial Scan Statistic and Its Variations 85
4.3 Risk-Adjusted Support Vector Clustering (RSVC) Algorithm 87
5. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DATA ANALYSIS 5.1 Rule- Based Anomaly Detection with Bayesian Network Modeling 87
5.2 Population-Wide Anomaly Detection and Assessment ( PANDA) 88
6. MONITORING MULTIPLE DATA STREAMS 88
7. SPECIAL EVENTS SURVEILLANCE 89
8. SUMMARY OF DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS FOR SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE 90
Chapter 5 DATA VISUALIZATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND ALERTING 91
1. SCOPE AND TAXONOMY 92
2. VISUAL INFORMATION DISPLAY 92
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 93
2.2 Visualization of Spatial Information 95
2.3 GIS for Disease Event Visualization 97
2.4 Spatial-Temporal Disease Modeling and Other Visualization Examples 101
3. INTERACTIVE VISUAL DATA EXPLORATION 102
4. SUMMARY OF DATA VISUALIZATION IN SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE APPLICATIONS 103
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND REPORTING 104
Chapter 6 SYSTEM ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION 106
1. SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 107
2. EVALUATION OF OUTBREAK DETECTION ALGORITHMS 2.1 Evaluation Methodology 108
2.2 Real Data Testing 108
2.3 Fully Synthetic Data Testing 109
2.4 Semisynthetic Data Testing 111
2.5 Evaluation Metrics for Outbreak Detection Algorithms 112
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2.6 Summary of Representative Evaluation Studies 115
3. EVALUATION OF DATA COLLECTION AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION COMPONENTS 118
4. ASSESSMENT OF INTERFACE FEATURES AND SYSTEM USABILITY 4.1 System Usability Evaluation Methodology 118
4.2 System Usability Evaluation Metrics 119
4.3 Summary of System Usability Evaluation Studies 119
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 120
Part II SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM CASE STUDIES 121
Chapter 7 BIOSENSE 125
1. BIOSENSE DATA COLLECTION AND PREPROCESSING 128
2. BIOSENSE DATA ANALYSIS 129
3. BIOSENSE DATA VISUALIZATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND REPORTING 130
4. CASE STUDY: MONITORING HEALTH EFFECTS OF WILDFIRES USING BIOSENSE 132
5. FURTHER READINGS 135
Chapter 8 RODS 136
1. RODS DATA COLLECTION 137
2. RODS DATA ANALYSIS 139
3. RODS VISUALIZATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND REPORTING 141
4. CASE STUDY: SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE WITH RODS FOR THE 2002 WINTER OLYMPICS 143
5. FURTHER READINGS 146
Chapter 9 BIOPORTAL 147
1. BIOPORTAL DATA COLLECTION 149
2. BIOPORTAL DATA ANALYSIS 149
3. BIOPORTAL VISUALIZATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND REPORTING 150
4. CASE STUDY: FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 156
5. FURTHER READINGS 158
Chapter 10 ESSENCE 160
1. ESSENCE DATA COLLECTION 162
2. ESSENCE DATA ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM EVALUATION 163
3. ESSENCE INTERFACE, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND REPORTING 165
4. FURTHER READINGS 168
Chapter 11 NEW YORK CITY SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS 169
1. NYC ED SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DATA COLLECTION 170
2. NYC ED SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DATA ANALYSIS AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 171
3. NYC ED SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM VISUALIZATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND REPORTING 172
4. CASE STUDY: RESPIRATORY ILLNESS SYNDROMIC SYSTEMS IN NEW YORK CITY SURVEILLANCE USING MULTIPLE 174
5. FURTHER READINGS 176
Chapter 12 EARS 178
1. EARS DATA COLLECTION AND DATA PREPROCESSING 179
2. KEY EARS ABERRATION DETECTION METHODS 180
3. EARS VISUALIZATION, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, AND REPORTING 182
4. CASE STUDY: POSTHURRICANE PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE WITH EARS 184
5. FURTHER READINGS 185
Chapter 13 ARGUS 187
Chapter 14 HEALTHMAP 192
Chapter 15 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 196
1. CHALLENGES FOR SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE RESEARCH 196
2. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 197
REFERENCES 199
SUBJECT INDEXES 215