Blick ins Buch

Health of Antarctic Wildlife (eBook)

A Challenge for Science and Policy

Knowles R. Kerry, Martin Riddle (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XVIII, 470 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-93923-8 (ISBN)

Lese- und Medienproben

Ebook-Leseprobe (PDF)

comprehensively up to date. We are most grateful to these authors and to those we recruited to write the additional chapters necessary to fill the significant gaps. We acknowledge also the sacrifice of some who presented results of original research and have thus suffered a longer time than usual to publication. The timing of publication however has provided the opportunity to highlight recent discussions and resolutions made within the Antarctic Treaty forum to protect wildlife against disease and to include responses by Government and non-Government operators in Antarctica. These developments mostly followed from the Workshop on Diseases of Antarctic Wildlife. The book comprises 17 chapters presented in two parts. Wildlife disease consists of reviews, case studies and health assessments, and External factors covers the environmental, administrative and legal aspects. Each chapter is complete and c- tains all references. Six important documents are provided as Appendices. These present methods, reviews and other documents which are referred to in one or more chapters but are not readily available. There are many related topics we have been unable to cover that would enhance the understanding of health and disease processes in Antarctica. While we ackno- edge their importance they are outside the scope of the present volume. Such topics include epidemiology, new and emerging infectious diseases and the effects of climate change. These topics are referred to in the various chapters where ref- ences to source material are given.

Preface 5
Editors 7
AreaEditors 9
LOC 11
A 33
Abstract Syntax Notation One 33
ACBio instance 33
Acceleration 33
Access Control 33
Access Control, Logical 34
Synonym 34
Definition 34
Introduction 34
Healthcare 37
Financial 37
Related Entries 37
Access Control, Physical 37
Synonyms 37
Definition 38
Introduction 38
Verification Versus Authorization 38
Weigand Format 39
Typical Biometrics used for Access Control 39
Interaction with Logical Access Control 40
Related Entries 40
References 40
Accessibility 40
ACE-V 41
Action Categorization 41
Action Understanding 41
Active (Contour, Shape, Appearance) Models 41
Acupuncture 41
AdaBoost 41
Adapted Fusion 41
Adaptive Learning 41
Affective Computing 41
Albedo 42
Alignment 42
Altitude 42
Ambient Space 42
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 42
Anatomy 42
Anatomy of Eyes 43
Definition 43
Anatomy of the Human Eye 43
Iris 44
Retina 46
Related Entries 48
References 48
Anatomy of Face 48
Synonyms 48
Definition 48
Introduction 48
Morphological Basis for Facial Variation Among Individuals 49
The Skull 49
Musculature and Associated Soft Tissue 51
Asymmetry 52
Evolution of Human Face Forms 53
Conclusions 54
Acknowledgements 55
Related Entries 55
References 55
Anatomy of Fingerprint 55
Anatomy of Friction Ridge Skin 55
Synonyms 55
Definition 55
Introduction 56
Surface Features 56
Friction Skin Structure 57
Friction Skin Development 58
Prevalence 59
Problems in Capturing Friction Skin Features 59
Related Entries 59
References 60
Anatomy of Hand 60
Synonyms 60
Definition 60
Introduction 60
Structure of the Human Hand 60
Bones 61
Muscles 61
Nerves 62
Palmprint 63
Fingerprint 64
Finger Knuckle 65
Hand Geometry 65
Hand Veins 66
The Reflectance Spectrum of Hand Skin 66
Summary 67
Related Entries 67
References 67
Analysis-by-Synthesis 67
Analytic Study 68
And-Or Graph 68
And-Or Graph Model for Faces 68
Synonym 68
Definition 68
Introduction 68
Compositional And-Or Graph Representation for Faces 69
Model Computation 70
Applications 70
Summary 72
Related Entries 72
References 72
Annotated Face Model 72
Anthropometry 73
Anthroposcopy 73
Anti-Spoofing 73
Appearance-Based Gait Analysis 73
Application Programming Interface (API) 73
Artifact 73
Artificial Biometrics 73
Artificial Digital Biometrics 74
Artificial Fingerprints 74
Artificial Image Biometrics 74
ASN.1 74
Asset Protection 74
Association 74
Attack Trees 74
Audio-Visual-Dynamic Speaker Recognition 74
Audio-Visual Fusion 74
Audio-Visual Speaker Recognition 74
Audio-Visual Speech Processing 75
Authentication 75
Authentics Distribution 75
Automated Fingerprint Identification System 75
Automatic Classification of Left/Right Iris Image 75
Synonym 75
Definition 75
Introduction 76
Basis of the Algorithm 76
Algorithm Performance 77
Summary 78
Related Entries 78
References 78
Average Correlation Energy (ACE) 79
Azimuth 79
B 81
Background Checks 81
Synonyms 81
Definitions 81
Introduction 82
Where Do Biometrics Fit In? 85
Temporal Value of Background Checks 85
Privacy Aspects 86
Applications 86
Summary 87
Related Entries 87
References 87
Background Subtraction 87
Back-of-Hand Vascular Pattern Recognition 87
Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition 87
Synonyms 87
Definition 88
Introduction 88
Development History of the Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition 88
Underlying Technology of Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition 89
Image Acquisition 89
Pattern Extraction 90
Pattern Matching 90
Applications of Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition 90
Summary 91
Related Entries 92
References 92
Barefoot Morphology Comparison 92
Base Classifier 92
Baseline Algorithm 92
Baum-Welch Algorithm 92
Bayes Decision Theory 93
Bayes Rule 93
Bayesian Approach/Likelihood Ratio Approach 93
Bayesian Hypothesis Test 93
Behavioral Biometrics 94
BIAS 94
Bias-Variance Decomposition 94
Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) 94
Bifurcation 94
Binary Hypothesis 95
Binary Morphology 95
Binomial Distribution 95
BioAPI 95
BioAPI Framework 95
BioAPI Interworking Protocol 95
Biological Motion 96
Biometric Algorithms 96
Synonym 96
Definition 96
Introduction 96
Compression 97
Quality Assessment 97
Enhancement 97
Feature Extraction 98
Matching 98
Filtering (Classification/Indexing) 99
Fusion 99
Related Entries 99
References 99
Biometric and User Data, Binding of 100
Synonyms 100
Definition 100
Introduction 100
Challenges 101
Fuzziness of Biometrics 101
Encrypted Template Alignment 102
Theory and Practice 102
Fuzzy Commitment Scheme 102
Secure Sketch 102
Fuzzy Extractor 103
Bioscrypt 103
Biohashing 104
Fuzzy Vault 106
Performance Evaluation 107
Summary 107
Related Entries 107
References 107
Biometric Applications, Overview 108
Synonym 108
Definition 108
Introduction 108
Discussion 109
Summary 111
Related Entries 112
References 112
Biometric Capture 112
Biometric Capture Device 112
Biometric Characteristic 112
Biometric Cryptosystem 112
Biometric Data 113
Biometric Data Acquisition 113
Biometric Data Block (BDB) 113
Biometric Data Capture 113
Biometric Data Interchange Format 113
Biometric Data Interchange Format, Standardization 113
Synonyms 113
Definitions 113
Introduction 113
Format Structures 114
Published Standards 116
Interoperability and Future Needs 117
Related Entries 117
References 118
Biometric Data Interchange Record (BDIR) 118
Biometric Data Interchange Standard 118
Biometric Decision Time, and the External Operation Time 118
Biometric Devices 119
Biometric Encryption 119
Biometric Engines 119
Biometric Features 119
Biometric Fraud Reduction 119
Biometric Front End 119
Biometric Fusion 119
Biometric Fusion Standardization 119
Biometric Fusion, Rank-Level 119
Biometric Header, Standards 119
Biometric Identity Assurance Services 119
Synonym 119
Definition 120
Introduction 120
Scope 120
INCITS and OASIS Collaboration 120
Architecture 121
Services 122
Summary 122
References 122
Biometric Information Record 122
Biometric Interchange Formats 122
Biometric Interfaces 122
Definition 122
Introduction 123
Data Interchange 123
Device Interfaces 124
Software Interfaces 124
Communications and Messaging Interfaces 125
Services Interfaces 126
Summary 126
Related Entries 127
References 127
Biometric Key Generation 127
Biometric Locking 127
Biometric Match-on-Card, MOC 127
Biometric Modality 127
Biometric PAC 127
Biometric Performance Evaluation Standardization 127
Biometric Quality Evaluation 127
Biometric Quality Standards 128
Biometric Readers 128
Biometric Recognition 128
Biometric Reference 128
Biometric Registration Authority 128
Biometric Sample 128
Biometric Sample Acquisition 128
Synonyms 128
Definition 128
Introduction 129
Generalized Requirements for Biometric Sample Acquisition 129
Process Decomposition 129
The Measurement Physics 130
The Transducers 130
The Electronic Data Acquisition 130
An Example Biometric Sample Acquisition Process 130
Example Sensing Physics and Transducers 130
Pressure 130
Optical Energy 130
Electrical Energy 130
Acoustical and Thermal Energy 131
Example Electronic Data Acquisition 131
Real-World Implementation -Biometric Sample Acquisition Systems in Widespread Use Today 131
New Requirements for Security in Biometric Sample Acquisition 132
Using Biometric Data in Trustworthy Identity Verification 132
Trusted Biometric Sample Acquisition Systems 132
Related Entries 132
References 133
Biometric Sample Quality 133
Synonyms 133
Definition 133
Introduction 133
Properties of a Quality Measure 134
Evaluation 136
Rank-Ordered Detection Error Tradeoff Characteristics 136
Error Versus Reject Curves 139
Generalization to Multiple Matchers 140
Measuring Separation of Genuine and Impostor Distributions 141
Summary 142
Related Entries 142
References 143
Biometric Sample Quality, Standardization 143
Synonyms 143
Definition 143
Introduction 144
Roles 144
Standards Development Organizations 144
The ISO/IEC 29794 Biometric Sample Quality Standard 145
The ANSI/NIST ITL 1-2007 Quality Field 146
The BioAPI Quality Specification 147
Summary 147
Related Entries 147
References 147
Biometric Sample Synthesis 148
Synonyms 148
Definition 148
Introduction 148
Factors Affecting Biometric Samples 148
Synthesis Methods 149
Uses of Synthetic Biometrics 150
Summary 153
Related Entries 154
References 154
Biometric Security Measure 154
Biometric Security, Standardization 154
Synonym 154
Definition 154
Introduction 155
Biometric Data Management Standards 156
Biometric Data Security Standards 156
Biometric Transaction Security Standard - ACBio 157
Biometric System Security Evaluation Standards 158
Historical Background 158
ISO/IEC 19792: Information Technology - Security Techniques - Security Evaluation of Biometrics [13] 158
Statistical Performance Testing 159
Biometric System Threats and Countermeasures 159
Human Security and Privacy Concerns 159
Future Directions for Biometrics Security Standards 159
Related Entries 160
References 160
Biometric Security Threat 161
Biometric Sensing 161
Biometric Sensor and Device, Overview 161
Synonyms 161
Definition 161
Introduction 162
User Acceptance 162
Portability 162
Ruggedness and Lifetime 162
Calibration 163
Operating Conditions 163
Sensor Interface 163
Power Supply 163
Failure Rate 164
Cost 164
Sensor Resolution 164
Optical and Imaging Characteristics 164
Summary 165
Related Entries 165
References 165
Biometric Sensors 165
Biometric Services 166
Biometric Specific Threats 166
Synonyms 166
Definition 166
Biometric Spoof Prevention 166
Biometric Strength of Function 167
Biometric Subsystem Transaction Time 167
Biometric System 167
Biometric System Components 167
Biometric System Design, Overview 167
Definition 167
Introduction 167
Design Specifications 168
Accuracy 168
Throughput 169
Cost 169
Security 169
Privacy 169
Usability 169
Design Issues 170
Biometric System Architecture 170
Hardware/Software Implementation 170
Administration Policy 171
Summary 171
Related Entries 172
References 172
Biometric Systems, Agent-Based 172
Definition 172
Introduction 172
Challenge of Complexity 173
Agent Architectures 174
Summary 176
Related Entries 176
References 176
Biometric Technical Interface, Standardization 177
Synonyms 177
Definition 177
Introduction 177
Biometric Data Records 177
CBEFF Wrappers 177
BioAPI Interfaces and Exchanges 178
BioAPI Interworking Protocol 178
CBEFF 178
History and Motivation 178
CBEFF Part 1 Data Elements 179
CBEFF Part 2 Registration 180
CBEFF Part 3 Patron Formats 181
CBEFF Part 4 Security Block (SB) Formats 181
BioAPI 182
History and Motivation 182
BioAPI Part 1 183
Tool Support 183
Biometric Interworking Protocol (BIP) 183
History and Motivation 183
Supported Network Mappings 184
Tool Support 184
Related Entries 184
References 184
Biometric Technology Test 184
Biometric Template 184
Biometric Terminal 184
Biometric Transaction Time 185
Biometric Variability 185
Biometric Verification/Identification/Authentication/Recognition: The Terminology 185
Synonyms 185
Introduction 185
Dictionary Definitions 185
Historical Usages 185
The Impact of New Algorithms on Terminology 186
Clarifying Meanings 187
Related Entries 188
References 188
Biometric Vocabulary, Standardization 189
Definition 189
Terminology Development in ISO 189
Harmonized Biometric Vocabulary 190
Related Entries 192
References 192
Biometric Vulnerabilities, Overview 192
Definition 192
Introduction 192
Biometric Subsystems and Vulnerabilities 193
Identity Claim (A) 193
Presentation (B) 194
Sensor (C) 194
Segmentation (D) 194
Feature Extraction (E) 195
Quality Control (F) 195
Template Creation (G) 195
Data Storage (H) 196
Matching (I) 196
Decision (J) 196
Attack Trees 196
Application Profiles and Vulnerabilities 197
Government Identity Cards 197
Physical Access 198
Computer and Network Access 198
Digital Content Protection 198
Summary 199
Related Entries 199
References 199
Biometric Watermarking 200
Biometrics, Overview 200
Synonyms 200
Definition 200
Introduction 200
Operation of a Biometric System 201
Quantifying Performance 202
Applications 203
Summary 204
Related Entries 204
References 204
BIP 205
BIR 205
Blind Source Seperation 205
Blood Vessel Wall 205
Brachycephalic 205
Branch-and-Bound Search 205
Breeder Documents 206
C 207
Calibration 207
Camera 207
Camera Device 207
Camera Model 207
Camera Point of View 207
Cancelable Biometrics 207
Synonym 207
Definition 207
Introduction 208
Related Entries 209
References 209
Canonical Face Model 210
CANPASS 210
Capillary Blood Vessel 210
Capture Volume 210
Casts 210
CBEFF 211
CBEFF Biometric Data Block (BDB) 211
CBEFF Biometric Information Records (BIRs) 211
CBEFF Security Block (SB) 211
CBEFF Standard Biometric Header (SBH) 211
CBEFF Wrapper 211
Synonym 211
Definition 212
Central Retinal Artery and Vein 212
Cepstrum Transform 212
Chaff Points 212
Challenge Response 212
Charge Coupled Device (CCD) 212
Chrominance 212
Circular Hough Transform 213
Circumstantial Identification 213
Classification 213
Classifier Cascade 213
Classifier Combination 213
Classifier Fusion 213
Classifier Selection 213
CLEAR 214
Client 214
Closed-Set Identification 214
CMOS Sensor 214
Color Constancy 214
Commensurability 214
Committee-Based Learning 214
Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework Standardization 215
Synonyms 215
Definition 215
Introduction 215
CBEFF Patrons and Patron Formats 216
CBEFF Standards - Early Work 217
CBEFF Standards - Recent and Current Work 217
ISO/IEC 19785 Part 1 (and the main clauses of ANSI INCITS 398): 217
ISO/IEC 19785 Part 2: 217
ISO/IEC 19785 Part 3: 219
ISO/IEC 19785 Part 4: 219
CBEFF Flexibility and Adaptability 220
Multiple BDBs in a BIR 220
BIR Transformations 221
Conformance Testing Methodology Standards for CBEFF BIRs 221
Related Entries 221
References 221
Common Feature Approach 221
Comparison 222
Comparison Prints 222
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) 222
Compliance 222
Computational Iris Recognition Systems 222
Concept Drift 222
Confidence Interval 222
Configural Processing 222
Configuration Issues, System Design 223
Synonym 223
Definition 223
Introduction 223
Configuration in Capture Process 224
Configuration in Template Generation 224
Configuration in Decision Process 225
Error Rate Estimation 225
Single-Modal Biometric Configuration 226
Multi-Modal Biometric Configuration 227
Summary 228
Related Entries 228
References 228
Conformance Testing 229
Conformance Testing for Biometric Data Interchange Formats, Standardization of 229
Synonyms 229
Definition 229
Concepts in Conformance Testing 229
Motivation for the Development of Conformance Testing Methodology Standards 230
Elements Required in Conformance Testing Methodology Standards for Data Interchange Formats 230
Issues Related to Testing Levels 230
Conformance Testing Standardization - Current State 231
Conformance Testing Activities 232
Current and Anticipated Needs 232
Gaps in Standards Development 233
Summary 233
References 233
Conformity 234
Contact Microphones 234
Contact-Based 234
Contactless 234
Contextual Biases 234
Continuous Classification 234
Contour Detection 234
Contrast 234
Convenience Sample 235
Convergence Feature Extraction 235
Copula 235
Core 235
Correct Index Power 235
Correct Reject Power 235
Correlation 236
Correlation Map 236
Correspondence 236
Cost Function 236
Countermeasures 236
Counter Sign 236
Covariate 237
Covariate Studies 237
Craniofacial Reconstruction 237
Craniofacial Superimposition 237
Credential Hardening 237
Credentialing System 238
Credit Check 238
Crew Designs 238
Criminal History Check 238
Criminal Law Enforcement 238
Criminal Record Search 238
Cross-Modality Face Biometrics 238
Cross-Validation 238
Cryptography 238
Curse of Dimensionality 239
Curse of Misalignment 239
Cursive 239
Custody Suite 239
Cut Finger Problem 239
D 241
Dactyloscopist: Fingerprint Examiner 241
Data Hiding 241
Data Interchange Format 241
Data Protection 241
Database Filtering 241
Daubert Standard 241
Daugman Algorithm 242
Dead Finger Detection 242
Decision 242
Decision Criterion Adjustment 242
Deformable Models 242
Synonyms 242
Definition 242
Introduction 242
Snakes 243
Level Set Representation for Curves and Surfaces 244
Example Based Shape Priors 244
Correspondence and Registration 244
Incorporating Texture Information 245
2D versus 3D Representation 245
Applications 246
Recent Developments 246
Summary 246
Related Entries 247
References 247
Deformation 247
Delta 247
Demisyllables 247
Dental Biometrics 248
Synonyms 248
Definition 248
Motivation 248
Dental Information 248
Antemortem Dental Records 249
Automatic Dental Identification System 249
Feature Extraction 250
Atlas Registration 250
Matching 251
Performance Evaluation 253
Other Approaches 253
Summary 254
Related Entries 254
References 254
Dental Identification 255
Deployment 255
Depth of Field (DOF) 255
Dermis 255
DET Curves 255
Detector - Extractor 255
Diffraction Limit 256
Diffuse Reflection 256
Digital Watermarking 256
Digitizer 256
Digitizing Tablet 256
Synonyms 256
Definition 256
Introduction 256
Active Digitizing Tablet: Electromagnetic Technology 256
Passive Digitizing Tablets: Touch- Screen Technology 257
Resistive Passive Digitizing Tablets 257
Pen-Touch Capacitive Passive Digitizing Tablets 257
Hybrid Digitizing Tablets: Active Mode and Passive Mode 258
Digitizing Tablets with Active Pen Only 258
Related Entries 260
References 260
Dimensionality Reduction 260
Diode 260
Diphones 260
Disclosure Check 261
Discriminative Classifier 261
Dissimilarity 261
Distortion 261
Distributed Computing 261
Distributed Detection 261
Distributed Inference Making 261
DNA Analysis 261
DNA Fingerprinting/DNA Profiling 261
DNA Profiling 262
DNA Typing 262
Dolicocephalic 262
Double Angle Representation 262
Double Dipping 262
Drive-up 262
Duplicate Detection 262
Dynamic Programming Comparison Method 262
Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) 263
E 265
Ear Biometrics 265
Synonym 265
Introduction 265
2D Ear Biometrics 266
Geometrical Approach to Feature Extraction 266
Global Approach to Feature Extraction 266
3D Ear Recognition 270
Conclusion 270
Summary 271
Related Entries 271
References 272
Ear Biometrics, 3D 273
Synonym 273
Definition 273
Introduction 273
Datasets 274
Ear Detection 275
Ear Recognition 276
Summary 278
Related Entries 279
References 279
Ear Recognition 280
Earmark(s) 280
Earprints 280
Earprints, Forensic Evidence of 280
Synonyms 280
Definition 280
Introduction 280
Current Practice of Earmark to Earprints Comparison 282
Critical Analysis 283
Admissibility in Court 284
Recent Research Initiatives 284
Related Entries 285
References 285
e-Authentication, Remote Access (Partial) 285
Eigenface 285
Elastically Adaptive Deformable Model 286
Electromagnetic Radiation 286
Electromagnetic Resonance 286
Electromagnetic Spectrum 286
Embedded Processor 286
Embedded Software 286
Embedded Systems 287
Synonyms 287
Definition 287
Profile of Embedded System 287
All-in-One 288
Biometric-Information-Data-Separation Method 288
Authentication-Sequestration Method 288
Authentication-Unit 289
Difference Between Embedded System and General System 290
Instances of Embedded System in IC Card 291
Instances in Biometrics 291
Related Entries 291
References 291
Embedding Space 291
Empirical Analysis 291
Empirical Statistical Models 291
Encoded Finger Data 292
Encoder 292
Encoding of Hand Geometry Information 292
Encryption, Biometric 292
Synonyms 292
Definition 292
Introduction 292
What is Biometric Encryption (BE)? 293
Advantages and Possible Applications of BE 295
BE Technologies 296
Mytec1 297
Mytec2 297
ECC Check Bits 297
Biometrically Hardened Passwords 297
Fuzzy Commitment 297
ECC Syndrome 298
Quantization using Correction Vector 298
Fuzzy Vault 298
Biohashing (with key binding) 298
Graph-based Coding 298
Attacks on BE 299
Current State of BE 300
BE Challenges 300
Summary 300
Related Entries 300
References 300
Enhancement 301
Enrollment 301
Enrollment Time 301
Enrollment Transaction Duration 301
Ensemble Learning 302
Synonyms 302
Definition 302
Introduction 302
Constructing Ensembles 302
Why Ensembles are Superior to Singles 304
Applications 305
Summary 305
Related Entries 305
References 305
Entropy, Biometric 305
ePassport 306
Epidermis 306
Ergonomic Design for Biometric Systems 306
Synonyms 306
Definition 306
Introduction 306
Biometric Properties and Ergonomic Implications 307
Common Design Concerns 308
Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction (HBSI) 309
Human-Biometric Sensor 309
Human-Biometric System 309
Sensor-Biometric System 309
The Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction 311
Literature 311
Summary 311
Related Entries 312
References 312
Ergonomics 313
Error Probability Non-Accumulation 313
Evaluation of Gait Recognition 313
Synonyms 313
Definition 313
Introduction 313
A Panoramic View of Performance 313
The HumanID Gait Challenge Problem 314
The Dataset 315
The Challenge Experiments 316
Baseline Gait Algorithm 317
Performance on the Gait Challenge Problem 318
Other Large Datasets 319
Future Evaluations 320
Related Entries 320
References 320
Expected Performance or Utility of Fingerprint Image in an Automated Comparison Environment 321
Expression 321
Extended Enterprise 321
External Identification 321
External Operation Time 321
Extra-Class 321
Eye Centers 322
Eye Tracking 322
F 323
Face Acquisition 323
Face Aging 323
Face Alignment 323
Synonyms 323
Definition 323
Introduction 323
Constructing Face Priors 324
Detecting Facial Features 325
Fusing Prior with Image Observations 326
Summary 326
Related Entries 326
References 326
Face Alignment Error 326
Face Biometric 327
Face Camera 327
Face Databases and Evaluation 327
Synonyms 327
Definition 327
Introduction: Factors Affecting Face Recognition Performance 327
Public Databases 327
FRVT Databases 328
Face Evaluation 329
Image Domain and Face Processing Tasks 329
Use of Color 329
Scenario Taxonomy 329
Dataset Type and Recognition Task 331
Performance Measures 331
Similarity Metrics, Normalization, and Data Fusion 331
Example Protocols 334
Evaluation Results 334
Future Work 334
Related Entries 334
References 334
Face Detection 335
Synonym 335
Definition 335
Introduction 335
Operation of a Face Detection System 336
Recent Advances 336
Quantifying Performance 338
Applications 339
Summary 339
Related Entries 339
References 339
Face Device 340
Synonyms 340
Definition 340
Introduction 340
2D Face Devices 340
Active 2D Face Devices 344
3D Face Devices 344
Summary 345
Related Entries 346
References 346
Face Identification 346
Face Image Data Interchange Formats 346
Face Image Data Interchange Formats, Standardization 346
Synonym 346
Definition 346
Introduction 347
Roles 347
History of Face Standardization 348
The ISO/IEC 19794-5 Face Image Standard 348
The ANSI/NIST ITL 1-2007 Type 10 Record 350
Amendment 1 to ISO/IEC 19794-5:2005 350
Amendment 2 to ISO/IEC 19794-5:2005 351
Resolution Requirements 351
Standards Development Organizations 351
Summary 352
Related Entries 352
References 352
Face Image Quality Assessment Software 353
Face Image Synthesis 353
Face Localization 353
Face Matching 353
Face Misalignment Problem 353
Synonyms 353
Definition 353
Introduction 353
Possible Solutions 355
Related Entries 355
References 355
Face Photograph 356
Face Pose Analysis 356
Synonyms 356
Definition 356
Introduction 356
Face Pose Estimation 357
Performance Evaluation 359
Applications 360
Summary 360
Related Entries 360
References 360
Face Pose Estimation 361
Face Pose Recognition 361
Face Processing 361
Face Recognition 361
Face Recognition From Image Sequences 361
Face Recognition in Near-Infrared Spectrum 361
Face Recognition Performance Evaluation 361
Face Recognition Using Local Features 361
Face Recognition, 3D-Based 361
Definition 361
Introduction 362
An Integrated 3D Face Recognition System 362
Data Acquisition and Preprocessing 363
Annotated Face Model 363
Alignment 364
Deformable Model Fitting 365
Metadata Generation 365
Distance Metrics 366
3D Face Recognition Hardware Prototype System 367
Performance Evaluation 367
Databases 367
Performance Metrics 367
Experiment 1: Wavelet Transforms 368
Experiment 2: Facial Expressions 368
Experiment 3: Multiple Sensors 368
Conclusion 369
Related Entries 369
References 369
Face Recognition, Component-Based 370
Synonyms 370
Definition 370
Introduction 370
Component-Based Face Recognition 371
Component-Based Graphs 371
Modeling Components 372
Extracting Sparse Components 373
Variety in Features 374
Combined Face Detection and Identification 375
3D Face Recognition 375
Object Detection 375
SIFT Features 376
A Comparison of Different Approaches 377
Summary 378
Related Entries 378
References 378
Face Recognition, Geometric vs. Appearance-Based 379
Synonyms 379
Definition 379
Introduction 379
Shape-based methods 380
Appearance-based methods 380
Hybrid methods 382
Summary 383
Related Entries 383
References 383
Face Recognition, Near-Infrared 384
Synonyms 384
Definition 384
Introduction 384
NIR Imaging Hardware 385
Illumination Invariant Face Representation 385
Summary 386
Related Entries 387
References 387
Face Recognition, Overview 387
Synonyms 387
Definition 387
Introduction 387
Problems a Face Recognition System Needs to Address 388
Different Approaches to Face Recognition 389
Summary 390
Related Entries 390
References 390
Face Recognition, Thermal 391
Synonym 391
Definition 391
Introduction 391
Thermal IR Spectrum 391
Recognition in the Thermal IR 392
Limitations of Thermal IR 393
Fusion of Visible with Thermal IR Imagery 393
Milestones 394
Summary 397
Related Entries 397
References 397
Face Recognition, Video-Based 398
Synonyms 398
Definition 398
Introduction 398
Operation of a Video-based Face Recognition System 398
Challenges for Video-based Face Recognition Systems 399
Examples of Video-based Face Recognition Algorithms 399
Summary and Discussion 404
Related Entries 404
References 404
Face Reconstruction 404
Face Registration 404
Face Sample Quality 405
Synonyms 405
Definition 405
Introduction 405
Assessment of Face Sample Quality 406
Recognizing Face Samples of Poor Quality 407
Summary 408
Related Entries 408
References 408
Face Sample Standardization 408
Face Sample Synthesis 408
Synonyms 408
Definition 408
Introduction 409
Finite Projective Camera Model 409
Lighting Model 410
Light Source 411
Reflectance Function 411
Normals 413
Identity Modeling 413
Conclusion 414
Summary 414
Related Entries 414
References 414
Face Sample Utility 415
Face Sketching 415
Face Tracking 415
Synonym 415
Definition 415
Introduction 415
Basic Mathematical Framework 416
Performance Analysis 416
Challenges in Face Tracking 417
Some Applications of Face Tracking 419
Summary 419
Related Entries 419
References 419
Face Variation 420
Synonym 420
Definition 420
Introduction 420
Illumination 421
Pose 422
Expression and Occlusion 423
Sources of Variation that Occur Over Time 424
Conclusions 425
References 426
Face Verification 426
Face Warping 426
Face, Forensic Evidence of 426
Synonyms 426
Definition 426
Introduction 427
Expert Image Analysis 427
Facial Mapping Techniques 427
Appeal Court Cases 428
Computer Analysis 429
Reliability of Computerized Identification 429
Automatic Recognition in Practice 430
Skull Reconstruction 430
Summary 431
Related Entries 431
References 431
Facial Action Coding 432
Facial Changes 432
Facial Expression Analysis 432
Facial Expression Recognition 432
Synonyms 432
Definition 432
Introduction 432
The Process of Automatic Facial Expression Recognition 433
Evaluating Performance of an Automated System for Facial Expression Recognition 436
Applications 436
Concluding Remark 437
Related Entries 437
References 437
Facial Landmarks 438
Facial Mapping 438
Facial Motion Estimation 438
Facial Photograph 438
Factor Analysis 438
Failure to Acquire Rate 438
Failure-to-Enrol Rate 439
Fake Finger Detection 439
False Match Rate 439
False Negative Rate 439
False Non-Match Rate 439
False Positive Rate 439
Feathering 439
Feature Detection 440
Feature Extraction 440
Feature Fusion 440
Feature Map 440
Feature Selection 440
Feature Vector 440
Features 440
Features vs Templates 441
Fidelity 441
Field of View (FOV) 441
Finger Data Interchange Format, Standardization 441
Synonyms 441
Definition 441
Introduction 441
Finger Images 442
Fingerprint Minutiae 443
Spectral Data of a Fingerprint 445
Skeletal Data of a Fingerprint 446
Further Steps 447
Summary 447
Related Entries 447
References 448
Finger Geometry, 3D 448
Synonym 448
Definition 448
Introduction 448
State-of-the-Art 448
Challenges and Prospects 450
Related Entries 451
References 451
Finger Pattern Spectral Data 451
Finger Vein 451
Definition 451
Introduction 451
Medical Opinions Concerning Finger Vein Authentication Technology 452
Uniqueness in Statistical Approach 453
Summary 454
Related Entries 455
References 455
Finger Vein Authentication Device 456
Finger Vein Biometric Algorithm 456
Synonym 456
Definition 456
Introduction 456
Requirements for the Finger Vein Biometric Algorithm 456
Finger Vein Feature Extraction 456
Matching Algorithm 457
Standardization Issue 459
Summary 459
Related Entries 459
References 459
Finger Vein Feature Segmentation 460
Finger Vein Imaging Device 460
Finger Vein Pattern Imaging 460
Definition 460
Introduction 460
Light Source 460
Illumination Control 461
The Imaging Methods 461
Top-lighting Systems 461
Side-lighting Systems 463
Bottom-lighting Systems 463
Summary 465
Related Entries 465
References 465
Finger Vein Reader 465
Synonyms 465
Definition 465
Introduction 465
Features of Finger Vein Modality 466
The Hardware 466
Security Features 467
Applications 468
Summary 469
Related Entries 469
References 469
Finger Vein Scanner 470
Fingermark Identification Procedure 470
Fingerprint 470
Fingerprint Analysis 470
Fingerprint Authentication 470
Fingerprint Benchmark 470
Fingerprint Binarization 470
Fingerprint Biometric 470
Fingerprint Capture 470
Fingerprint Characteristics 471
Fingerprint Classification 471
Synonyms 471
Definition 471
Introduction 471
Feature Extraction for Classification 472
Classification Under Galton-Henry Scheme 474
Classification with Machine-Generated Classes 475
Classification Performance 476
Summary 476
Related Entries 477
References 478
Fingerprint Comparing 478
Fingerprint Compression 478
Synonym 478
Definition 478
Introduction 478
Fingerprint Image Standards 479
Image Compression 479
Common Fingerprint Compression Methods 481
Fingerprint Compression Performance 483
Conclusions 483
Related Entries 483
References 484
Fingerprint Contrast Enhancement 484
Fingerprint Corpora 484
Fingerprint Data Interchange Format 484
Fingerprint Databases and Evaluation 484
Synonyms 484
Definition 484
Fingerprint Databases for Evaluation 485
FVC Databases 485
BIOMET Multimodal Database 486
MCYT Bimodal Database 486
BioSec Multimodal Database 486
BioSecure Multimodal Database 486
Fingerprint Evaluation Campaigns 487
Fingerprint Verification Competitions (FVC) 487
NIST Fingerprint Vendor Technology Evaluation (FpVTE2003) 489
NIST Minutiae Interoperability Exchange Test (MINEX) 489
Related Entries 489
References 490
Fingerprint Device 490
Fingerprint Encryption 490
Fingerprint Fake Detection 490
Synonyms 490
Definition 490
Introduction 490
Compromised Fingerprint 491
Attended/Unattended System 491
Fingerprint Fake Finger Detection Levels 491
Significant Developments in Fingerprint Spoofing 492
Making a Fake Fingerprint 493
Liveness Measurement 494
Fingerprint Sensors with Liveness Detection 495
Faking the Counter Measures 496
Conclusion 496
Related Entries 496
References 496
Fingerprint Features 497
Synonyms 497
Definition 497
Introduction 497
Direction Fields 497
Direction Fields by Structure Tensor 498
Complex Representation of the Structure Tensor 499
Direction Fields as Features 499
Direction Decomposition 499
Segmentation 500
Minutiae 500
Singular Points 502
Singularities by Poincareacute Index 503
Singularities by the Generalized Structure Tensor 504
Singularities by Other Methods 504
Summary 504
Related Entries 505
References 505
Fingerprint Identification 505
Fingerprint Image Compression 506
Fingerprint Image Enhancement 506
Synonyms 506
Definition 506
Introduction 506
Fingerprint Image Digitalization and Density 506
Recognition of Fingerprint Ridge 506
Intermediate Steps in Fingerprint Image Enhancement 507
Contrast Enhancement 507
Pore and Incipient Ridge Removal 508
Ridge Orientation Estimation 508
Frequency Estimation 510
Foreground Segmentation 510
Ridge Enhancement Filtering 512
Summary and Future Improvement 514
References 514
Fingerprint Image Quality 514
Synonym 514
Definition 514
Introduction 515
Fingerprint Image Quality 515
Fingerprint Image Quality Measures 516
Applications of Biometric Quality Values 519
Summary 522
Related Entries 522
References 522
Fingerprint Indexing 523
Synonyms 523
Definition 523
Introduction 523
How Indexing Works 523
An Example 524
Practical Issues 525
Index Construction 525
Index Selectivity 526
Storage Requirements 526
Indexing Mechanism 527
Performance Analysis 527
Error Analysis 527
Summary 528
Related Entries 528
References 528
Fingerprint Individuality 528
Fingerprint Matching, Automatic 529
Synonyms 529
Definition 529
Introduction 529
Classification 531
Performance Evaluation 532
Application 533
Summary 533
Related Entries 533
References 534
Fingerprint Matching, Manual 534
Synonyms 534
Definition 534
Fingerprint Matching: Manual 534
The identification process 535
Analyses 535
Comparison 536
Evaluation and Preliminary Conclusion 538
Verification 539
Conclusion 539
Charting 539
Mistakes 539
Infallible or Reliable? 540
Related Entries 541
References 541
Fingerprint Pre-Matching 541
Fingerprint Quality 541
Fingerprint Reading 542
Fingerprint Recognition, Overview 542
Synonym 542
Definition 542
Introduction 542
History 542
Components of a Fingerprint Recognition System 543
Large-Scale Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems 544
Related Entries 545
References 545
Fingerprint Representation 545
Fingerprint Retrieval 545
Fingerprint Sample Synthesis 545
Synonyms 545
Definition 545
Introduction 546
Physical Ridge Pattern Models 546
Statistical Ridge Pattern Models 547
Generation of Synthetic Fingerprint Impressions 550
Bhead61 551
Variation of the Ridge Thickness 551
Skin Distortion 551
Noising and Global Translation/Rotation 553
Background Generation 553
Related Entries 554
References 554
Fingerprint Scan 555
Fingerprint Sensor 555
Fingerprint Signatures 555
Fingerprint Singularity 555
Fingerprint Skeletonization 555
Fingerprint Templates 555
Synonym 555
Definition 555
Introduction 556
Composition of Fingerprint Template 556
Storage of Fingerprint Template 557
Template Synthesis 558
Template Improvement 558
Template Interchange 558
Image Reconstruction from Template 559
Summary 559
Related Entries 559
References 559
Fingerprint Thinning 560
Fingerprint, Forensic Evidence of 560
Synonyms 560
Definition 560
Nomenclature 560
Individuality of the Fingerprint 560
Morphogenesis 561
Variability of the Fingerprint 561
General Pattern 561
Minutiae 561
Third Level Details 562
Statistical Research 562
Classification of Fingerprints and Fingermarks 563
Manual Classification 563
Automatic Classification 563
Development 563
Forensic Uses of AFIS Technology 563
Individualization of Fingerprints and Fingermarks 563
History 563
Current Practice 564
Quantitative Threshold: Presence of a Numerical Standard 564
Qualitative Threshold: Absence of Numerical Standard 564
Decision Process 565
Admissibility of the Fingerprint in the USA 565
Analysis of the Current Practice 566
Future Perspectives 566
Related Entries 567
References 567
Fingerprint, Palmprint, Handprint and Soleprint Sensor 567
Synonyms 567
Definition 567
Introduction 568
Ink-on-Paper Method 568
Sensor Characteristics 569
Optical Sensors 570
Optical Multispectral Sensors 571
Optical Contactless or Touchless Sensors 571
Solid-State Sensors 572
Ultrasonic Sensors 574
Next Generation 574
Summary 575
Related Entries 575
References 575
Fingerprints Hashing 575
Synonyms 575
Definition 576
Introduction 576
Desirable Features, Definitions 577
Cancelable Biometrics 578
Intricated Biometrics 578
Cryptography is Accurate Biometrics is Fuzzy
Conclusion 580
Related Entries 581
References 581
First Level Detail 581
Fisher Criterion 581
Fixed Pattern Noise 581
Focal Distance 582
Focal Length 582
Footprint Comparison 582
Footstep Identification 582
Footstep Recognition 582
Synonyms 582
Definition 582
Introduction 582
Applications 583
Review of Footsteps as a Biometric 584
Summary 588
Related Entries 588
References 588
Footstep Verification 589
Footwear Marks 589
Footwear Recognition 589
Synonyms 589
Definition 589
Introduction 589
Etiology, Detection and Recovery 590
Uniqueness and Application 590
Comparison and Identification Methods 591
Summary 594
Related Entries 594
References 594
Force Field Feature Extraction 594
Force Field Transform 595
Forensic 595
Forensic Anthropology 595
Forensic Applications, Overview 595
Introduction 595
Admissibility of Biometric Evidence in•Court 596
From Anthropometry to Fingerprinting and AFIS 597
Other Biometric Characteristics used for Human Identification Purposes 598
Other Biometric Marks Left Following Activities of Forensic Interest 599
Analog/Digital Biometric Information Recorded in Investigations 600
References 600
Forensic Barefoot Comparisons 601
Synonyms 601
Definitions 601
Introduction 602
Background 602
Collecting Evidence [3] 603
The Comparison Process [3] 603
In Court 604
Conclusion 604
Related Entries 604
References 604
Forensic DNA Evidence 605
Synonyms 605
Definition 605
Introduction 605
DNA: Basic Concepts 605
Forensic DNA Analysis 606
Multiplex STR Analysis 607
Nonautosomal DNA 607
Low Template DNA Analysis 608
SNPs and DNA Chips 608
DNA Sequencing 609
DNA used as Evidence and Interpretation 609
DNA Used as an Intelligence Tool 609
Conclusion 611
Related Entries 611
References 611
Forensic Evaluation of Fingerprints and Fingermarks 612
Forensic Identification Based on Dental Radiographs 612
Forensic Science 612
Forensic Speaker Recognition 612
Forgery Attempt 612
Forgery Sign 612
Synonyms 612
Definition 612
Forward-Backward Algorithm 612
Fourier Transform 612
Fovea 613
Fragile Bits 613
Fraud Deterrence 613
Fraud Mitigation 613
Fraud Reduction, Applications 613
Synonyms 613
Definition 613
Introduction 613
Benefits Issuance and Disbursement 614
Voter Registration 615
Visa Shopping 615
Border Control 615
Related Entries 616
References 616
Fraud Reduction, Overview 616
Synonyms 616
Definition 616
Introduction 617
Biometrics Vis-agrave-Vis Alternative Authentication/Identification Technologies 617
Biometric Advantages in Fraud Reduction 617
Convenience 617
Accountability 618
Security 618
Authentication/Identification Trifecta 619
Biometric Vulnerabilities 619
Input Level Attacks 619
Processing and Transmission Level Attacks 620
Backend and Storage Level Attacks 621
Countermeasures 621
Biometrics and Fraud: Looking to•the•Future 622
Cancelable/Changeable Biometrics 622
Nominal Identities Versus Biometric Identities 622
Valuing Biometric Data 623
Related Entries 623
References 623
Freeman Chain Code (FCC) 624
Function Creep 624
Fundamental Frequency, Pitch, F0 624
Fusion Network Topology 624
Fusion, Biometric 624
Fusion, Confidence Level 625
Fusion, Data Level 625
Fusion, Decision-Level 625
Synonyms 625
Definition 625
Introduction 625
Decision Level Fusion with Single Bit Information 626
Optimal Fusion Rule 627
Independent Pair of Biometric Sensors 628
Related Entries 628
References 628
Fusion, Feature-Level 629
Synonym 629
Definition 629
Introduction 629
Feature Fusion Scheme 630
Feature Normalization 631
Feature Selection or Transformation 632
Examples of Feature Level Fusion 632
Summary 633
Related Entries 633
References 634
Fusion, Image Level 634
Fusion, Measurement Level 634
Fusion, Physics-Based 634
Fusion, Quality-Based 634
Synonym 634
Definition 634
Introduction 635
Quality-Based Fusion from the Pattern Recognition Perspective 635
Classifier Design and System Output Dependency 636
The Complexity of Modeling Scores and Quality Measures: A Generative Approach 637
The Complexity of Modeling Scores and Quality Measures: A Discriminative Approach 637
Related Entries 638
References 638
Fusion, Rank-Level 639
Synonym 639
Definition 639
Introduction 639
Methods for Combining Ranks 640
Example 641
Summary 642
References 642
Fusion, Score-Level 643
Synonyms 643
Definition 643
Introduction 643
Density-Based Fusion schemes 643
Transformation-Based Fusion schemes 644
Classifier-Based Fusion schemes 646
Summary 647
Related Entries 647
References 647
Fusion, Sensor-Level 648
Synonyms 648
Definition 648
Introduction 648
Sensor Level Fusion: Single Sensor Multi-Samples 649
Sensor Level Fusion: Multi-Sensors 650
Sensor Level Fusion: Multimodal 651
Future Research Directions 652
Related Entries 652
References 653
Fusion, User-Specific 653
Synonyms 653
Definition 653
System Model 653
User-Specific Multi-Biometrics 654
User-Specific Fusion 655
Adapted User-Specific Fusion 655
Related Entries 656
References 656
Fusion, Wavelet-Based 656
Fuzzy Extractor 657
Fuzzy Vault 657
G 659
Gabor Jets 659
Gabor Transform 659
Gabor Wavelets 659
Gait 660
Gait Analysis 660
Gait Biometrics, Overview 660
Synonym 660
Definition 660
Introduction 660
Operation of a Gait Based Biometric System 660
Challenges for Gait Based Biometrics Systems 661
Features for Gait Based Biometrics 661
Algorithms for Matching 663
Model Based Approaches 663
Experiments on the USF Gait Data 664
Summary 664
Related Entries 665
References 665
Gait Models for Biometrics 665
Gait Recognition 665
Gait Recognition, Model-Based 665
Synonyms 665
Definition 666
Models 666
Feature Extraction 668
Quality of Feature Extraction 668
Recognition 669
Conclusions and Outlook 670
Related Entries 670
References 670
Gait Recognition, Motion Analysis for 671
Synonyms 671
Definition 671
Human Gait as a Biometric 671
Characteristics and Challenges of Gait Motion 672
Extracting Gait Signature from Motion 673
Manifold-based Representation for Gait Analysis 674
Summary 677
Related Entries 677
References 677
Gait Recognition, Silhouette-Based 678
Definition 678
Introduction 678
Silhouettes 679
Duration of Observation 679
Periodicity and Synchronization 680
Conversion of Silhouettes to Features 680
Data Sets 680
Examples 683
Summary 683
Related Entries 683
References 683
Gait, Forensic Evidence of 684
Synonyms 684
Definition 684
Introduction 684
Technical Issues 685
Gait 685
Photogrammetry in Association with Gait Analysis 686
Comparing Gait and Photogrammetry 688
The Nature of Forensic Statements 689
Related Entries 690
References 690
Gallery and Probe 690
Gaussian Mixture Density 691
Gaussian Mixture Models 691
Synonyms 691
Definition 691
Introduction 691
Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation 693
Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Parameter Estimation 693
Related Entries 695
Acknowledgment 695
References 695
GC 695
Gelatin Pad 695
General Model 696
Generalization 696
Generalization Error 696
Generative Classifier 696
Genetic Identification 696
Genuine Matching 696
Genuine Sign 696
Genuine/Impostor Attempt 696
Geodesic 697
Geometry Image 697
Global Fusion 697
Global Thresholding Techniques 697
Glottal Excitation 697
Glyph 697
GMM 698
Graph Matching 698
Graphic Tablet 698
Graphical User Interface 698
Graphometric Features 698
Gray Scale 698
GRF (Ground Reaction Force) 698
Ground-Truth 698
Gummy Bear Finger 698
H 699
Haar-Like Features 699
Habituated Subject 699
Habituation 699
Halo Effect 699
Hamming Distance 700
Hand Biometrics 700
Hand Biometrics, 3D 700
Hand Contour 700
Hand Data Interchange Format, Standardization 700
Synonyms 700
Definition 700
Introduction 700
Silhouette Acquisition Requirements 701
Record Format 702
Other Related Standards 703
Summary 703
Related Entries 703
References 703
Hand Databases and Evaluation 703
Synonyms 703
Introduction 704
Palmprint Databases and Evaluation 704
Hand Geometry Databases and Evaluation 705
Hand Dorsum Vein Databases and Evaluation 707
Palm Vein Database and Evaluation 708
Summary 709
Related Entries 709
References 709
Hand Geometry 709
Synonyms 709
Definition 710
Introduction 710
Basics and Initial Works 710
Evolutions from Initial Works 712
Usability and Multimodality 713
Summary 713
Related Entries 713
References 713
Hand Geometry View Record - HGVR 714
Hand Physiology 714
Hand Shape 714
Synonym 714
Definition 714
Introduction 714
Operation of a Hand Shape-Based Biometric System 715
Performance Evaluation 717
Limitations of the Hand Shape-Based Biometric Systems 718
Summary 718
Related Entries 718
References 718
Hand Shape Biometrics 719
Hand Silhouette Data 719
Hand Structure 719
Hand Vascular Recognition 719
Hand Veins 719
Synonyms 719
Definition 719
Introduction 719
Far Infrared Imaging 720
Principle of Far Infrared Imaging 720
Far-Infrared Vein Image Quality 721
Near-Infrared Imaging 722
Principle of Near Infrared Imaging 722
Near Infrared Vein Image Quality 722
A Hand Vein Pattern Matching System 723
Summary 724
Related Entries 725
References 725
Hand Vein Identification 725
Hand Vein Verification 725
Hand-Geometry Device 725
Synonyms 725
Definition 725
Introduction 726
Description of the Device 726
Research Trends 727
Characteristics 728
Operation 729
Summary 729
Related Entries 730
References 730
Hand-Geometry Reader 730
Hand-Geometry Scanner 730
Hand-Held Devices 730
Handprint 730
Handprint Sensor 731
Hand-Scanning Device 731
Handwriting Sample Synthesis 731
Handwriting Synthesis 731
Handwritten Signature Recognition 731
Head Pose Analysis 731
Head Yaw/Tilt/Roll 731
Headspace 731
Helper Data 731
Heterogeneous 731
Heterogeneous Face Biometrics 732
Synonyms 732
Definition 732
Introduction 732
Heterogeneities in Face Recognition 732
Research Issues 733
Summary 734
Related Entries 734
References 734
Heterogenous Face Image Matching 734
Hidden Markov Models 734
Synonym 734
Definition 734
Introduction 735
Architecture and Types 735
Evaluation 736
Decoding 737
Estimation 737
Summary 738
Related Entries 738
References 739
Hill-Climbing Attack 739
Histogram Equalization 739
HMM 739
Human Computing 739
Human Dental Atlas 740
Human Detection and Tracking 740
Synonyms 740
Definition 740
Introduction 740
Human Detection 740
Human Tracking 742
Data Association and Filtering 743
Target Representation and Localization 743
Summary 744
Related Entries 744
References 744
Human Factors 744
Human Movement, Psychology 745
Synonyms 745
Definition 745
Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction (HBSI) 745
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and User Interfaces 745
Human-Interpretable Fingerprint Classes 745
Hypothesis Test 745
I 747
ICP Algorithm 747
ID Photograph 747
Identification 747
Identity Level in the Speech Signal 747
Identity Theft Reduction 747
Illumination 747
Illumination Compensation 748
Synonyms 748
Definition 748
Introduction 748
Human Face Model and Lighting Model 749
Shape Normalization and Lighting Compensation 749
Experimental Results 751
Summary 753
Related Entries 753
References 753
Illumination Normalization 754
Image Acquisition 754
Image Capture 754
Image Classification 754
Image Enhancement 754
Image Formation 754
Synonym 754
Definition 754
Introduction 754
The Perspective Projection Camera Geometry 755
The Radiometric Aspects that Determine the Brightness of an Image Point 756
Summary 757
Related Entries 757
References 757
Image Formation Process 757
Image Morphology 757
Image Pattern Classification 757
Image Pattern Recognition 758
Synonyms 758
Definition 758
Introduction 758
Image Preprocessing 758
Image Feature Extraction 759
Classification 760
Summary 760
Related Entries 761
References 761
Image Recognition 761
Image Regeneration from Templates 761
Image Resolution 761
Image Segmentation 761
Image Warping 762
Imaging Spectroscopy 762
Imaging Volume 762
Implementation Under Test (IUT) 762
Impostor 762
Imposter Distribution 762
Impostor Match 762
Imprecise Localization 763
Incremental Learning 763
Synonyms 763
Definition 763
Introduction 763
Evaluation Criteria 764
Incremental Learning Tasks and Algorithms 764
Applications 766
Summary 766
Related Entries 767
References 767
Independent Component Analysis 767
Synonyms 767
Definition 767
Introduction 767
Methods 768
Algorithms 771
Softwares 771
Further Issues 772
Summary 772
References 772
Independent Factor Analysis 773
Indexing 773
Individuality of Biometric Traits 773
Individuality of Fingerprints 773
Synonyms 773
Definition 774
Introduction 774
The Statistical Test of Biometric Recognition 775
Statistical Models for Fingerprint Individuality 776
Pankanti's Fingerprint Individuality Model 777
Mixture Models for Fingerprint Features 779
Incorporating Interclass Variability Via Clustering 780
Experimental Results 780
Summary and Future Work 782
Acknowledgments 782
Related Entries 783
References 783
Individualization 783
Influencing Factors 783
Influential Factors to Performance 783
Synonym 783
Definition 783
Introduction 783
Influencing Factors 783
Characteristics of Impostors 784
Characteristics of Modality Specific to Applications 784
Related Entries 785
References 785
Information Content of Iris Images 785
Information Fusion 785
Intelligent Agents 785
Interaction 785
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) 786
Interest Point, Region, Local Feature 786
Interest Points 786
Interface 786
Intermediate Biometrics 786
Internal Identification 786
International Association for Identification 787
Interoperability 787
Interoperable Performance 787
Definition 787
Introduction 787
Interoperability Challenges 788
Interoperable Data Formats 789
Interoperability Testing 789
Sufficiency of a Biometric Data Interchange Standard 790
Summary 791
Related Entries 791
References 791
Intraclass 791
Intricated 791
Intricated Biometrics 791
Intrinsic Dimensionality of a Manifold 792
Intrinsic Direction of Fingerprint 792
Intrinsic Distance 792
Intrinsic Failure 792
Invariant-Covariant 792
Iris 792
Iris Acquisition Device 793
Synonyms 793
Definition 793
Introduction 793
Iris Acquisition Devices 793
Authenticam TM 794
HIIDE TM Series 795
Iris 795
Iris on the Move TM 796
IrisAccess 796
IrisGuard 797
IRISPASS 798
ISCAN 798
HBOX 799
JPC 799
Mobile-Eyes 799
Neoris 800
PIER TM 800
Conclusions 801
Related Entries 801
References 801
Iris at a Glance 801
Iris Biometric 801
Iris Camera 801
Iris Capture 802
Iris Data Interchange Standards 802
Iris Databases 802
Definition 802
Introduction 802
CASIA V1.0, V2.0, IrisV3 Databases 802
UPOL Database 803
BATH Database 803
ICE2005 and ICE2006 Databases 803
MMU1 and MMU2 Databases 804
WVU Non-Ideal Iris and Off Axis/ Angle Databases 804
UBIRIS v1 and UBIRIS v2 Database 805
Summary 805
Related Entries 805
Bibliography 805
Iris Device 806
Synonyms 806
Definition 806
Introduction 806
Brief History of Iris Image Acquisition Devices 806
Photons to Iris Image 807
Iris Image Acquisition Device System Metrics 809
Related Entries 809
References 809
Iris Digital Watermarking 810
Synonyms 810
Definition 810
Introduction 810
Algorithms 810
Overview 810
Watermark Encoding and Decoding 813
Application Scenarios and Attacks 814
Patents, Tools, and Commercial Products 817
Summary 818
Related Entries 819
References 819
Iris Encoding and Recognition using Gabor Wavelets 819
Synonyms 819
Definition 819
Introduction 820
Gabor Wavelets as a Complete Image Basis 820
Gabor Wavelets and the Uncertainty Principle 823
Gabor Wavelets and the Calculus 823
Gabor Wavelets for Iris Recognition 824
Gabor Wavelets in Other Biometrics 827
Related Entries 828
References 828
Iris Image Capture Device 829
Iris Image Data Interchange Formats, Standardization 829
Synonyms 829
Definition 829
Introduction 829
Data Formats 830
Image Properties 831
Image Quality 831
Image Capture Recommendations 831
ANSI and ISO Differences 831
Iris Standards Adoption 832
Current Iris Standards Activity 832
Summary 832
Related Entries 833
References 833
Iris Image Enhancement by Super- Resolution Method 833
Iris Image Quality 833
Synonyms 833
Definition 833
Introduction 833
Survey of Iris Quality Metrics 834
Rules of Combination 834
Relevance to Recognition Performance 835
Summary 836
Related Entries 836
References 836
Iris Interchange Format Standards 837
Iris Localization 837
Iris on the Move TM 837
Synonyms 837
Definition 837
Introduction 837
IOM Design Considerations 839
Capture Volume 839
Standoff 840
Residence Time 840
Subject Motion 840
Ambient Light 841
Ease of Use 841
System Approach 841
Future Work 841
Related Entries 842
References 842
Iris Quality Metrics 842
Iris Reader 842
Iris Recognition, Overview 842
Synonym 842
Definition 842
Introduction 842
Iris Image Acquisition 843
Iris Segmentation 845
Feature Extraction 847
Pattern Matching 849
Summary 850
Related Entries 850
References 850
Iris Recognition Algorithms 851
Iris Recognition at Airports and Border-Crossings 851
Synonyms 851
Definition 851
Introduction 851
Arriving International Passengers: Iris Recognition Instead of Passport Presentation at Immigration Control 852
Departing Passengers: Expedited Check-in, Security Screening, and Border Controls 854
Airport Employees: Access Control to the Tarmac, Aircraft, and Restricted Areas 854
Watch-list Screening of Arriving Travelers 855
System Design Contrasts and Vulnerabilities 856
Related Entries 857
References 857
Iris Recognition Immigration System (IRIS) 857
Iris Recognition Operational Range 858
Iris Recognition Performance Under Extreme Image Compression 858
Definition 858
Introduction 858
Information Theory and Data Compressibility 858
Schemes for Iris Image Compression 859
Tools for Iris Image Compression: JPEG, JPEG2000, Region-of-Interest Extraction 860
Tools for Evaluating the Effects of Iris Image Compression 863
Summary 867
Related Entries 868
References 868
Iris Recognition Systems 868
Iris Recognition Using Correlation Filters 869
Synonym 869
Definition 869
Introduction 869
Data Preprocessing 870
Deformation and Occlusion Estimation 870
Match Score Computed from Correlation Filters 870
Occlusion Metric 872
Probabilistic Graphical Model 872
Final Score Computation 873
Result 873
Summary 874
Related Entries 874
References 874
Iris Recognition with Deformation and Occlusion Estimation 875
Iris Retina Biometric Fusion 875
Iris Sample Synthesis 875
Synonym 875
Definition 875
Introduction 875
Available Models 876
Quantifying Performance 878
Summary 879
Related Entries 879
References 879
Iris Scan 879
Iris Scanner 879
Iris Segmentation 879
Iris Segmentation Using Active Contours 880
Synonym 880
Definition 880
Introduction 880
Snakes for Curve Detection 880
Segmentation Results 883
Summary 884
Related Entries 884
References 884
Iris Segmentation Using Snakes 884
Iris Standards Evolution 884
Iris Standards Progression 884
Synonym 884
Definition 884
Introduction 884
Data Format Standards 885
Data Format Specifications 885
Conformance Standards 886
Current Standard Bodies Developments 886
Future Standards 887
Summary 887
Related Entries 888
References 888
Iris Super-Resolution 888
Synonyms 888
Definition 888
Introduction 888
Super-Resolution 889
Iris Super-Resolution 890
Summary 891
Related Entries 891
References 891
Iris Template Extraction Via Bit Inconsistency and GRIT 891
Synonyms 891
Definition 891
Bit Inconsistency 892
Genetically Refined Iris Templates (GRIT) 892
The GRIT Preprocessor 892
The GRIT GA 893
Preliminary Results 893
Summary 897
References 897
Iris Template Protection 897
Synonym 897
Definition 897
Introduction 898
Iris Template Generation 899
Cancelable Iris Template 899
Iris Template Protection using Cryptosystems 900
Iris Template Protection using Data Hiding 903
Summary 904
Related Entries 904
References 904
Iris Template Security 904
Iris2pi 904
IrisCode 905
ISO 905
J 907
JPEG and JPEG2000 Image Compression 907
K 909
Kernel 909
Key Binding 909
Keypoints 909
Keystroke Dynamics 909
Keystroke Pattern Classification 909
Keystroke Recognition 909
Synonyms 909
Definition 909
Introduction 910
Keyboard Technology and Semantics 910
Feature Representation and Classification 911
Applications and Challenges 911
Summary 914
Related Entries 914
References 914
Kinematic Body Model 914
Kinematics 914
Knowledge-based Gait Recognition 914
Known Traveler 914
L 915
L2 norm 915
Lambertian Law 915
Lambertian Surface 915
Large Scale Biometric Database 915
Large Scale Biometric System Design 915
Large Scale System Design 915
Synonym 915
Definition 916
Introduction 916
Operation of a Large Scale Biometric System 916
Some Issues for Designing a Large Scale Biometric System 917
The PIV Program of the United States Government 919
Web Service Authentication (WSA) 920
Summary 920
Related Entries 921
References 921
Large-Scale Evaluation 921
Latent Fingerprint 922
Latent Fingerprint Experts 922
Synonym 922
Definitions 922
Introduction 922
Empirical Evidence 922
Perceptual Expertise 925
Decision Making and Decision Biases 926
Summary 926
Related Entries 927
References 927
Latex Finger 927
Law Enforcement 927
Synonyms 927
Definition 927
Introduction 927
Fingerprint Functions in Law Enforcement 929
References 930
Law Enforcement Agency 930
LBP (Local Binary Pattern) 930
LCN DNA/Low Template Level 930
LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) 931
LED (Light Emission Diode) 931
Lighting Compensation 931
Lighting Model 931
Likelihood Ratio Test 931
Limbus 931
Linear Dimension Reduction 931
Synonym 931
Definition 932
Introduction 932
Unsupervised Linear Dimension Reduction 932
Supervised Linear Dimension Reduction 933
Semi-Supervised Linear Dimension Reduction 934
Two-Dimensional Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques 934
Summary 935
Related Entries 935
References 935
Linear Feature Extraction 936
Linearly Symmetric Image 936
Lip Movement Recognition 936
Synonyms 936
Definition 936
Introduction 936
Operation of a Lip-Movement Recognition System 937
Summary 939
Related Entries 939
References 939
Lip-Radiation Effect 940
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) 940
Liveness Detection 940
Liveness Assurance in Face Authentication 940
Synonyms 940
Definition 940
Introduction 940
Replay Attack 942
Liveness Assurance for Face Authentication: Visual Sensors Only 943
Additional Infrared or Ultraviolet Sensors 943
Detection of 3D Head Movement 943
Detection of Facial Micro-Movement 943
Challenge-Response Paradigm 945
Vulnerability to Replayed Video Recordings 945
Multimodal Liveness Assurance 945
Related Entries 947
References 947
Liveness Assurance in Voice Authentication 948
Synonyms 948
Definition 948
Introduction 948
Replay Attack 948
Liveness Assurance for Different Authentication Protocols 949
Synthesis Attack 951
Multimodal Liveness Assurance 954
Related Entries 955
References 956
Liveness Detection 956
Liveness Detection 956
Liveness Detection: Fingerprint 956
Synonyms 956
Definition 957
Hardware 958
Software 958
Liveness Algorithm Framework 959
Summary 962
Related Entries 962
References 962
Liveness Detection: Iris 963
Synonyms 963
Definition 963
Introduction 963
Risks of Biometric Spoofing 964
Spoof-resistance Testing 964
Liveness Detection Mechanisms 965
Intrinsic properties of a living body 965
Involuntary signals of a living body 967
Bodily responses to external stimuli 968
The Effectiveness of Liveness Testing Methods 969
The Trade-off between Security and Convenience 969
Summary 969
Related Entries 970
References 970
Live-Scan Furrow Device 970
Live-Scan Sensor 970
Local Adaptive Thresholding 971
Local Descriptors 971
Local Fusion 971
Local Image Features 971
Synonyms 971
Definition 971
Introduction 972
Global Features 972
Image Segments 973
Sampled Features 973
Properties of the Ideal Local Feature 973
Related Entries 975
References 975
Local Image Filters 975
Synonyms 975
Definition 975
Introduction 976
Gabor Filters 976
Local Binary Patterns 977
Applications 978
Summary 980
Related Entries 981
References 981
Local Surface Patch 981
Localization 981
Localization Inaccuracy 982
Logical Access Control, Client-Based 982
Logical Access Control, Client- Server-Based 982
Logico-Linear Operator 982
Logon, Password Management 983
Luminance 983
M 985
Machine-Generated Fingerprint Classes 985
Machine-Learning 985
Magnification 985
Mahalanobis Distance 985
Malicious-code-free Operating System 985
Manifold 985
Manifold Embedding 986
Manifold Learning 986
Definition 986
Introduction 986
Intrinsic Dimensionality Estimation 986
Manifold Learning and Dimensionality Reduction 987
Applications 988
Summary 989
Related Entries 989
References 989
Manual Annotation 990
Margin Classifier 990
Markerless 3D Human Motion Capture from Images 990
Synonyms 990
Definition 990
Introduction 990
Methodology 991
Multi-Camera Modeling 992
Single Camera Modeling 992
Motion Models 992
Biometric Applications 993
Summary 994
Related Entries 994
References 994
Match Score Fusion 995
Matcher 995
Matching 995
Matching Score 995
Match-On-Card 995
Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) 995
Maximum A-Posteriori Estimation 995
Maximum Likelihood Estimation 996
Maximum Margin Classifier 996
Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) 996
Mesocephalic 996
Metatarsal Ridge 996
Microphone 996
Microphone Arrays 996
Minimal Constraint Iris Recognition 996
Minutia 996
Minutia Direction 997
Mislabeled Iris Data Correction 997
Mitochondrial DNA 997
Mixture Mode 997
Model-Based Biometrics 997
Monitoring 997
Monomodal/Multimodal Database 997
Morphable Models 997
Mosaicing 997
Motion Capture 998
Motion Estimation 998
Motion Model 998
Motion Recovery, 3D 998
Moving Light Display 998
MS 998
Multi-Algorithm Systems 998
Multi-Instance Systems 998
Multi-Modal Samples 998
Multi-Sample Systems 999
Multi-Sensor Systems 999
Multi-Unit Systems 999
MultiBand Biometrics 999
Multibiometric Fusion, Standardization 999
MultiBiometric Systems 999
Multibiometrics 999
Synonym 999
Definition 999
Introduction 1000
Advantages of Multibiometric Systems 1000
Taxonomy of Multibiometric Systems 1001
Levels of Fusion 1003
Summary 1004
Related Entries 1004
References 1004
Multibiometrics and Data Fusion, Standardization 1005
Synonyms 1005
Definition 1005
Overview of Multibiometric Systems 1005
Levels of Combination 1007
State of International Standardization of Multibiometrics 1009
State of Standardization of Multibiometrics in the United States 1010
Summary 1011
Acknowledgment 1011
Related Entries 1011
References 1012
Multifactor 1012
Multimodal 1012
Multimodal Fusion 1012
Multimodal Jump Kits 1012
Multiple Classifier Fusion 1012
Multiple Classifier Systems 1013
Synonyms 1013
Definition 1013
Motivations of Multiple Classifiers 1013
Design of Multiple Classifier Systems 1014
Creating Classifier Ensembles 1015
Using Different Base Classifiers 1015
Injecting Randomness 1015
Manipulating Training Data 1015
Manipulating Input Features 1015
Manipulating Output Labels 1016
Combining Multiple Classifiers 1016
Fusion of Multiple Classifiers 1016
Abstract-Level Fusion Rules 1016
Rank-Level Fusion Rules 1016
Measurement-Level Fusion Rules 1017
Selection of Multiple Classifiers 1017
Related Entries 1017
References 1017
Multiple Classifiers 1018
Multiple Expert Systems 1018
Multiple Experts 1018
Synonyms 1018
Definition 1018
Introduction 1018
Simple Fusion 1018
Probabilistic Fusion 1019
Discrimination Functions Based Fusion 1023
Related Entries 1024
References 1024
Multiple View Geometry 1025
Multispectral and Hyperspectral Biometrics 1025
Synonyms 1025
Definition 1025
Introduction 1025
Multispectral Biometric Data Acquisition 1026
Multispectral Face 1026
Multispectral Iris 1028
Multispectral Fingerprint 1028
Related Entries 1030
References 1030
Multistage Matching 1030
Mutual Authentication 1031
Mutual information 1031
N 1033
NAP-SVM 1033
National Institute for Standards and Technology 1033
Natural Gradient 1033
Near Field Communication 1033
Synonym 1033
Definition 1033
Near Infrared (NIR) 1034
Near-infrared Image Based Face Recognition 1034
NEXUS 1034
NIST SREs (Speaker Recognition Evaluations) 1034
Noisy Iris Challenge Evaluation - Part I (NICE.I) 1034
Nominal Identity 1034
Non-ideal Iris 1034
Non-linear Dimension Reduction Methods 1034
Non-linear Techniques for Dimension Reduction 1035
Synonyms 1035
Definition 1035
Introduction 1035
Kernel-Based Non-Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques 1035
Manifold Learning Related Non-Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques 1037
Summary 1038
Related Entries 1038
References 1039
Normalised Hamming Distance 1039
Nuisance Attribute Projection 1039
Numerical Standard 1039
O 1041
Object Recognition 1041
Observations from Speech 1041
Ocular Biometrics 1041
Odor Biometrics 1041
Synonyms 1041
Definition 1041
Introduction 1041
Instrumental Differentiation Body Scent 1042
Legal Perspectives on Human Odor for Forensic Purposes 1044
Summary 1045
Related Entries 1045
References 1045
Off-Angle or Nonorthogonal Segmentation 1046
On-Card Matching 1046
Synonyms 1046
Definition 1046
Introduction 1046
Biometrics and Smartcard 1047
Advantages of Match-on-Card 1049
Implementations of Fingerprint Match-On-Card 1050
Performance of Fingerprint Match-on-card 1051
Standardization 1052
Technical Challenges 1052
Summary 1053
Related Entries 1053
References 1053
One-to-Many Identification 1053
One-to-One Verification 1054
Online Learning 1054
Open-Set Identification 1054
Operational Tests 1054
Operational Times 1054
Synonyms 1054
Definition 1054
Introduction 1054
Total Transaction Time 1055
Biometric Transaction Time 1055
Subject Interaction Time 1055
Biometric Subsystem Processing Time 1055
Biometric Decision Time 1055
External Operation Time 1056
Timing Illustrations 1056
Related Entries 1057
References 1057
Optical Flow 1057
Optical Target 1057
Optimal Hyperplane 1057
Optimization 1057
Ordinal Measure 1057
Orthographic Scanning 1057
Osmology 1058
Output Noise Variance (ONV) 1058
Outsole Pattern Matching 1058
Overfitting 1058
P 1059
Paleoanthropology 1059
Palm Dorsal Vein 1059
Palm Segment 1059
Palm Vein 1059
Synonyms 1059
Definition 1059
Introduction 1059
Palm Vein 1060
Sensing 1060
Matching 1061
Performance 1061
Implementation 1062
Application 1062
Door Security Systems 1062
Login Authentication 1063
Financial Services 1063
Healthcare 1064
Other Uses 1064
Summary 1064
Related Entries 1064
References 1064
Palm Vein Authentication 1065
Palm Vein Authentication Sensor 1065
Palm Vein Image Sensor 1065
Synonyms 1065
Definition 1065
Introduction 1065
Implementation 1066
Evaluation 1066
Application 1067
Summary 1068
References 1068
Palm Vein Recognition 1068
Palm Vein Scanner 1068
Palmprint 1069
Palmprint, 3D 1069
Synonyms 1069
Definition 1069
Introduction 1069
3D Palmprint Recognition System 1070
3D Palm Image Acquisition 1070
Feature Extraction 1070
Feature Matching 1071
Decision Module 1072
Performance Evaluation 1074
Summary 1074
Related Entries 1074
References 1074
Palmprint Anatomy 1074
Palmprint Authentication, 3D 1075
Palmprint Characteristics 1075
Palmprint Database 1075
Palmprint Device 1075
Palmprint Features 1075
Synonyms 1075
Definition 1075
Introduction 1075
Texture Features 1076
Line Features 1078
Appearance Features 1080
Summary 1080
Related Entries 1081
References 1081
Palmprint Matching 1081
Synonyms 1081
Definition 1081
Introduction 1082
Geometry-Based Matching 1083
Point-Based 1083
Line-Based 1084
Feature-Based Matching 1085
Summary 1086
Related Entries 1086
References 1086
Palmprint Recognition, 3D 1087
Palmprint Representation 1087
Palmprint Sensor 1087
Parallel Fusion Network 1087
Parametric Models 1087
Synonym 1087
Definition 1087
Parametric-Based Biometrics 1087
Part-Based Face Recognition 1087
Partial Occlusion 1087
Passive Biometrics 1088
Patron Format Specification 1088
Pattern Recognition 1088
PCA (Principal Component Analysis) 1088
Pedestrian Detection 1088
Peg 1088
Pen Altitude 1088
Pen Azimuth 1089
Pen Inclination (Pen Tilt) 1089
Pen Pressure 1089
Pen Tablet 1089
Penetration Rate 1089
Pen-tip Position (Pen Coordinates) 1089
Perceptual Expertise 1090
Performance Bias in Synthesized Biometric Data 1090
Performance Evaluation Measures 1090
Performance Evaluation, Overview 1090
Synonyms 1090
Definition 1090
Introduction 1090
Performance Measures 1091
Datasets 1091
Difficulty Control 1092
Evaluation Protocols 1093
Algorithm Evaluation 1093
Scenario Evaluation 1093
Operational Evaluation 1093
Summary 1093
Related Entries 1094
References 1094
Performance Measures 1094
Synonyms 1094
Definition 1094
Introduction 1094
Technology Evaluation 1095
Scenario Evaluation 1095
Operational Evaluation 1095
Performance Measures 1096
Fundamental Performance Measures 1096
Performance Measures for Verification System 1096
Performance Measures for Identification System 1097
Other Performance Measures 1097
Graphic Performance Measures 1098
DET Curve 1098
ROC Curve 1099
CMC Curve 1100
Throughput Rates 1100
Related Entries 1100
References 1100
Performance Metrics 1100
Performance of Biometric Quality Measures 1101
Performance Testing 1101
Performance Testing Methodology Standardization 1101
Synonym 1101
Definition 1101
Motivation for the Development of Biometric Performance Evaluation Standards 1101
Types of Biometric Performance Testing Standards 1102
Elements Required in Biometric Performance Testing Standards 1103
Published Standards and Ongoing Efforts - International and National Activities 1104
Performance Testing and Interoperability 1104
Related End-User Testing Activities 1105
Current and Anticipated Customer Needs in Biometric Performance Testing 1105
Gaps in Standards Development 1105
Role of Industry/Academia in the Development of the Required Testing Methods 1106
Summary 1106
References 1106
Perpetrator Identification 1106
Personal Data 1106
Personal Information Search 1107
Person-Independent Model 1107
Phase 1107
Phoneme 1107
Photogrammetry 1107
Photography for Face Image Data 1107
Synonyms 1107
Definition 1107
Introduction 1108
Enrollment Guidelines 1108
Subject Guidelines 1108
Camera Guidelines 1109
Lighting Guidelines 1109
Example Configurations for a Photo Studio or Store 1109
Example Configuration for a Photo Booth 1110
Summary 1111
Related Entries 1113
References 1113
Photography Guidelines 1113
Photometric Guidelines 1114
Photon 1114
Physical Analogies for Ear Recognition 1114
Synonyms 1114
Definition 1114
Introduction 1114
Ear Feature Extraction 1115
Force Field Feature Extraction 1115
Convergence Feature Extraction 1116
Brightness Change Analysis 1117
Ear Recognition 1118
Summary 1120
Related Entries 1120
References 1120
Physical and Logical Access Control convergence 1121
Physics-Based Biometrics 1121
Physics-Based Models 1121
Piezoelectric 1121
PIN Replacement 1121
Pitch 1121
Pixel 1121
Platen 1121
Point-Light Display 1122
Polar 1122
Polarized 1122
Police Law Enforcement 1122
Portal 1122
Pose 1122
Pose and Motion Models 1122
Poststratification 1123
Potential Energy Transform 1123
Preemployment Screening 1123
Pre-Processing 1123
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) 1123
Primary Biometric Identifier 1123
Principal Component Analysis 1123
Principal Curvatures 1124
Principal Lines 1124
Privacy 1124
Privacy Issues 1124
Synonym 1124
Definition 1124
Introduction 1124
Privacy Notions 1125
System Issues 1126
Government 1127
Industry 1128
Research 1128
Education 1129
Future Concerns 1129
Related Entries 1130
References 1130
PrivateID TM 1130
Privium 1131
Probabilty Density Function (PDF) 1131
Process Artifacts 1131
Procrustes Shape Distance 1131
Proposal Descriptive and Decision Making Model 1131
Prosody 1131
Protocol 1132
Pseudo-Random Number Generator 1132
Psychology of Gait and Action Recognition 1132
Synonyms 1132
Definition 1132
Introduction 1132
Psychological Studies into Perceiving Biological Motion and Recognizing Person Properties 1133
Computational and Biologically Inspired Models of Action Perception and Recognition 1135
Related Entries 1136
References 1136
Punch-in, Clock- in, Punch-out, Clock- out, Punch 1137
Punctum Lacrimale 1137
Pupil 1137
Pupil Phase Engineered Iris Biometrics 1137
Pupil Phase Engineering 1137
Purkinje Images 1137
Q 1139
Quadrant 1139
Quality-dependent Fusion 1139
Quantum Efficiency (QE) 1139
R 1141
Radiometric Calibration 1141
RAIC 1141
Random Forgery 1141
Range Scans 1141
RASTA-Filtering 1141
Raw Finger Vein Image 1141
Read Noise 1142
Real-Time 3D Surface Digitization 1142
Recognition at a Distance 1142
Rectilinear 1142
Reference Set 1142
Reflection 1143
Reflection-Based Touchless Finger Imaging (RTFI) 1143
Region-of-Interest (ROI) Encoding 1143
Registered Traveler 1143
Synonyms 1143
Definition 1143
Introduction 1144
The RT Process 1144
Architecture 1145
Interoperability 1147
Example Systems 1148
Privium 1148
UK IRIS 1148
US Registered Traveler 1148
Canpass/Nexus-Air 1149
Others 1149
Issues and Considerations 1150
Summary 1150
Related Entries 1150
References 1151
Remote Authentication 1151
Synonyms 1151
Definition 1151
Introduction 1151
Levels of Assurance 1152
Architectures for Remote Authentication 1154
Central Server 1154
Storage 1154
Matching 1154
Client/Workstation 1154
Storage 1154
Matching 1155
Device/Sensor 1155
Storage 1155
Matching 1155
Physical Token 1155
Storage 1155
Matching 1155
Kinds of Applications 1156
Speaker Authentication 1156
Other Biometrics 1158
Related Entries 1158
References 1158
Remote Monitoring (Partial) 1159
Remote Verification 1159
Rendering 1159
Replay Attack 1159
Residence Time 1159
Resolution 1159
Response Time 1159
Retina 1160
Retina Recognition 1160
Synonyms 1160
Definition 1160
Introduction 1160
Processing 1161
Image Acquisition and Preprocessing 1161
Feature Extraction 1161
Template Data Creation 1161
Matching 1161
Related Entries 1161
References 1162
Retinal Angiogenesis 1162
Retinal Blood Vessels 1162
Retinal Scan 1162
Reverse Engineering 1162
Revocable Biometrics 1162
Ridge Enhancement 1162
Ridge Extraction 1162
Ridge Flow 1162
Robustness Test 1163
ROC Curve 1163
Rolled-Equivalent Fingerprint 1163
Rolls Capture Device 1163
Rotation Angle 1163
S 1165
Sample Quality 1165
Sample Size 1165
Sampling Frequency 1165
Scalability 1165
Scenario Tests 1165
Scene Marks 1165
Scent Identification Line-Ups 1166
Score Fusion 1166
Score Fusion and Decision Fusion 1166
Score Normalization 1166
Score Normalization Rules in Iris Recognition 1167
Synonyms 1167
Definition 1167
Introduction 1167
Score Normalisation by the Amount of Iris Visible 1168
Adapting Decision Thresholds to the Size of a Search Database 1172
Factoring the Rotation Range into Adaptive Decision Rules 1174
Related Entries 1176
References 1176
Sealed Local Biometric Identity Verification Systems 1177
Second Level Detail 1177
Secure Biometric Token Operating System 1178
Secure Biometrics 1178
Secure Element 1178
Synonyms 1178
Definition 1178
Secure Sketch 1178
Security and Liveness, Overview 1178
Definition 1178
Introduction 1178
Biometric Security Classifications 1179
Liveness and Spoofing 1180
Encoded Biometric Schemes 1181
Performance of Biometrics Security and Liveness 1182
Summary 1183
Related Entries 1183
References 1184
Security Block 1184
Security Issues, System Design 1184
Definition 1184
Introduction 1185
Biometric System Architecture 1185
Threats at the Interface between User and Biometric System 1186
Threats at the Biometric System Modules 1187
Threats at the Interconnections between Biometric Modules 1188
Threats at the Interface between Biometric and IT systems 1189
Administration Threats 1189
Common Criteria Framework 1189
Summary 1189
Related Entries 1190
References 1190
Security Threat Assessment 1190
Segmentation of Iris Images from Noncooperative Subjects 1190
Segmentation of Off-Axis Iris Images 1190
Synonyms 1190
Definition 1191
Introduction 1191
Discussion of Segmentation Methods 1192
The Daugman Algorithm 1192
Alternative Segmentation Approaches 1193
Summary 1194
Related Entries 1195
References 1195
Semi-Supervised 1195
Sensitivity Analysis in Biometric Systems 1195
Service-Oriented Architecture 1195
Service Provider 1196
Session and Channel Variabilities 1196
Session Effects on Speaker Modeling 1196
Synonyms 1196
Definition 1196
Introduction 1196
Feature Domain Compensation 1197
Score Domain Compensation 1197
Model Domain Compensation 1198
Experiments 1199
Conclusion 1200
Related Entries 1201
References 1201
SFinGe 1201
Synonyms 1201
Definition 1202
Overview and History 1202
The Generation Process 1202
Applications 1207
Related Entries 1208
References 1208
Shape 1208
Shape Index 1209
Shape Model 1209
Shape vs. Texture 1209
Shielding Functions 1209
Shoeprint Matching 1209
Shot Noise 1209
Side-Channel Attacks 1209
Signal to Noise Ratio 1210
Signature Benchmark 1210
Signature Characteristics 1210
Signature Corporate 1210
Signature Databases and Evaluation 1210
Synonyms 1210
Definition 1210
Dynamic Signature Databases 1211
PHILIPS Database 1211
MCYT Bimodal Database 1212
BIOMET Multimodal Database 1212
SVC2004 Database 1212
SUSIG Database 1212
MyIDea Multimodal Database 1213
BiosecurID Multimodal Database 1213
BioSecure Multimodal Database 1213
Signature Verification Evaluation Campaigns 1214
Signature Verification Competition (SVC 2004) 1214
BioSecure Multimodal Evaluation Campaign (BMEC 2007) 1215
BioSecure Signature Evaluation Campaign (BSEC 2009) 1216
Related Entries 1216
References 1216
Signature Dataset 1217
Signature Features 1217
Synonyms 1217
Definition 1217
Introduction 1217
Feature extraction and preprocessing 1218
Global features 1218
Local features 1218
Off-line signature features 1222
Related Entries 1222
References 1222
Signature Matching 1224
Synonyms 1224
Definition 1224
Introduction 1224
Feature-Based Systems 1224
Function-Based Systems 1225
Dynamic Time Warping 1225
Hidden Markov Models 1225
Other Techniques 1227
Off-line Signature Matching 1227
Related Entries 1227
References 1228
Signature Recognition 1228
Synonyms 1228
Definition 1228
Overview 1229
Off-line and On-line Signatures 1229
Applications 1229
Strengths and Weaknesses 1229
Performance Testing of Signature Verification Systems 1229
Types of Testing 1229
Evaluation Protocol 1230
Forgery Data 1230
Signature Databases 1230
Off-line Signatures 1231
Introduction 1231
Basic Operation 1231
Cutting off 1231
Preprocessing 1231
Feature Extraction 1232
Measurement of Similarity 1232
Judgment on Authenticity 1232
Review of Judgment 1233
Template Construction 1233
Influence of Writing System and Nationality 1233
On-line Signatures 1234
Introduction 1234
Basic Operation 1235
Data Acquisition 1235
Preprocessing 1235
Feature Extraction 1235
Comparison (Similarity/Dissimilarity Measure) 1235
Decision Making 1236
Enrollment 1236
Summary 1236
Related Entries 1236
References 1236
Signature Sample Synthesis 1237
Synonyms 1237
Definition 1237
Introduction 1238
Characteristics of Handwriting/Signature 1238
Modeling Process 1239
Synthesis Process 1240
Summary 1242
Related Entries 1242
References 1242
Signature Similarity Computation 1242
Signature Synthesis 1243
Signature/Sign Recognition 1243
Silhouette 1243
Silhouette Analysis for Gait Recognition 1243
Similarity Metric 1243
Simplifying Passenger Travel Program 1243
Synonyms and Acronyms 1243
Definition 1243
Simultaneous Capture of Iris and Retina for Recognition 1244
Synonyms 1244
Definition 1244
Introduction 1244
Anatomical Background 1244
Challenges 1245
Image Quality Considerations 1246
Simultaneous Capture of the Iris and Retina 1247
Conclusion 1248
Related Entries 1249
References 1249
Skilled Forgery 1249
Skin Classification 1249
Skin Color Detection 1250
Skin Detection 1250
Synonyms 1250
Definition 1250
Introduction 1250
A Framework for Skin Detection 1251
Skin Detection and Color Spaces 1251
Skin Classifiers 1254
Skin Detection Applications and Examples 1255
Skin Detection Performance 1255
Summary 1255
Related Entries 1255
References 1255
Skin Print 1256
Skin Spectroscopy 1256
Synonyms 1256
Definition 1256
Introduction 1256
Spectral Bands 1257
Human Skin Structure 1257
Human Skin Optics 1257
Biometrics Applications 1259
Summary 1260
Related Entries 1260
References 1261
Skin Texture 1261
Synonyms 1261
Definition 1261
Introduction 1261
Skin Texture Based Methods 1261
Pros and Cons 1263
Summary 1263
Related Entries 1264
References 1264
Skull, Forensic Evidence of 1264
Synonyms 1264
Definition 1264
Introduction 1264
Craniofacial Reconstruction 1265
Skull-photo Superimposition 1265
Related Entries 1266
References 1266
Skull-Photo Superimposition 1266
Slap Or Four-Four-Two device 1266
Smart Cameras 1267
Smart Card 1267
Soft Biometrics 1267
Synonyms 1267
Definition 1267
Introduction 1267
Motivation for Utilizing Soft Biometric Traits 1268
Challenges in Using Soft Biometrics 1269
Automatic Soft Biometric Feature Extraction 1269
Fusion of Primary and Soft Biometric Information 1270
Summary 1270
Related Entries 1271
References 1271
Soleprint Device 1271
Soleprint Sensor 1271
Sound 1271
Sound Generation 1271
Sources of Evidence 1271
Sources of Information in Biometric Fusion 1271
Synonyms 1271
Definition 1271
Introduction 1272
Multi-Sensor Systems 1273
Multi-Algorithm Systems 1273
Multi-Instance Systems 1273
Multi-Sample Systems 1274
Multimodal Systems 1275
Hybrid Systems 1275
Summary 1275
Related Entries 1276
References 1276
Speaker Authentication (Partial Synonym) 1276
Speaker Biometrics 1276
Speaker Change Detection 1276
Speaker Classification 1276
Speaker Clustering 1277
Speaker Databases and Evaluation 1277
Introduction 1277
Databases 1278
Evaluations 1281
Related Entries 1285
References 1285
Speaker Detection 1285
Speaker Diarization 1285
Speaker Features 1286
Synonyms 1286
Definition 1286
Identity Information in the Speech Signal 1286
Short-Term Spectral Feature Extraction 1286
High-Level Tokenization 1289
Summary 1289
Related Entries 1289
References 1289
Speaker Identification and Verification, SIV 1290
Speaker Indexing 1290
Speaker Matching 1290
Synonyms 1290
Definition 1290
Introduction 1290
GMM-UBM (GMM-MAP) Approach 1291
GMM Supervector Linear Kernel (GSL) 1292
Hidden Markov Model (HMM) 1293
Session Effects on Speaker Matching 1293
Related Entries 1293
References 1294
Speaker Model 1294
Speaker Parameters 1294
Speaker Recognition Engine 1294
Speaker Recognition, One to One 1294
Speaker Recognition, Overview 1294
Synonyms 1294
Definition 1295
Introduction 1295
History of Speaker Recognition 1295
Speech Signal 1296
Feature Extraction and Modeling 1297
Speaker Recognition Tasks and Applications 1298
Performances and Influencing Factors 1300
Summary 1300
Related Entries 1301
References 1301
Speaker Recognition, Standardization 1302
Synonyms 1302
Definition 1302
Introduction 1302
Application Programming Interface (API) Standards - Early Work 1302
API Standards - Current Work 1303
Data Interchange Standards 1304
Distributed Speaker Recognition Standards 1306
Process-Control Protocols 1307
Related Entries 1308
References 1308
Speaker Segmentation 1309
Synonyms 1309
Definition 1309
Introduction 1309
Examples of Efforts to Foster Speaker Segmentation Research 1310
Operation of a Speaker Segmentation System 1311
Assessing Performance 1313
Applications 1314
Summary 1315
Related Entries 1315
References 1315
Speaker Separation 1316
Speaker Tracking 1316
Speaker Verification 1316
Spectral Analysis of Skin 1316
Specular Reflection 1316
Specularity 1316
Speech Analysis 1316
Synonyms 1316
Definition 1316
Speech Production and Its Relation to Speech Analysis 1317
Speech Analysis 1318
Speaker Information in the Speech Signal 1320
Summary 1321
Related Entries 1321
References 1321
Speech Input Device 1321
Speech Parametrization 1322
Speech Processing 1322
Speech Production 1322
Synonyms 1322
Definition 1322
Introduction 1322
The Human Speech Production Mechanism 1323
Modeling the Human Speech Production System 1325
Applications 1326
Summary 1327
Related Entries 1327
References 1327
Speech Recognition 1327
Speech Spectral Envelope 1327
Speech Synthesis 1327
Speech System 1327
Speed 1327
SPME 1327
Spoofing 1328
Spoofing Countermeasures 1328
Spoof-resistance 1328
Stand Off 1328
Statistical Models 1328
Statistical Signal Processing 1328
Steganography 1328
Strain Gauge 1328
Stream of Speech 1328
Strength of Voice Evidence 1328
Stroke 1329
Structural and Functional Anatomy 1329
Structural Model 1329
Structural Risk 1329
Structure Tensor Field 1329
Structure-from-Motion 1329
Subject Interaction Time 1329
Super-Resolution 1329
Super-Resolution for Iris 1330
Supervised 1330
Supervised Learning 1330
Synonyms 1330
Introduction 1330
Parametric Approach 1330
Linear Discriminant Analysis 1331
Quadratic Discriminant Analysis 1331
Naive Bayes Classifier 1332
Nonparametric Approaches 1332
k-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm 1333
Artificial Neural Networks 1333
Support Vector Machines 1334
Related Entries 1335
References 1335
Supervisor 1335
Supervisor Opinion 1335
Support Vector Machine 1335
Synonyms 1335
Definition 1336
Introduction 1336
SVM Formulation 1336
SVM in Practice 1337
SVM Model Selection 1338
Resolution of Multiclass Problems with the SVM 1339
SVM Variants 1339
Applications 1340
Related Entries 1340
References 1340
Surface Curvature 1340
Surface Matching 1341
Surveillance 1341
Synonyms 1341
Definition 1341
Introduction 1341
Biometrics and Surveillance 1343
Behavioral Biometrics in Surveillance 1344
Conclusion 1344
Related Entries 1345
References 1345
SVM 1345
SVM Supervector 1345
Sweep Sensor 1346
Synthesis Attack 1346
Synthetic Biometrics 1346
Synthetic Fingerprint Generation 1346
Synthetic Fingerprints 1346
Synthetic Iris Images 1346
Synthetic Voice Creation 1346
System-on-card 1346
T 1347
Tablet 1347
Tamper-Proof 1347
Tamper-proof Operating System 1347
Synonyms 1347
Definition 1347
Introduction 1347
Biometric Devices 1348
Requirements for a Tamper-Proof O.S. 1350
Example of an O.S. Instruction Set 1351
Applicability of Tamper-Proof O.S. 1352
Summary 1352
Related Entries 1353
References 1353
Target Detection 1353
Target Population 1353
Target-Dependent Fusion 1353
Technology Tests 1353
Template 1353
Template Distortion 1354
Template Protection 1354
Template Reconstruction 1354
Template Security 1354
Synonyms 1354
Definition 1354
Introduction 1354
Image Regeneration from Templates 1355
Image Regeneration from Match Scores 1356
Consequences of Template Security Breaches 1358
Summary 1359
Related Entries 1359
References 1359
Temporal Characterization of Faces 1359
Temporal Domain 1360
Tenprint Capture 1360
Tensor 1360
Test Sample and Size 1360
Synonyms 1360
Definition 1360
Introduction 1360
Test Size Calculation 1361
Sample Selection 1363
Summary 1363
Related Entries 1363
References 1364
Text-Dependent 1364
Text-Independent 1364
Text-Prompted 1364
Text-to-Speech (TTS) 1364
Text-to-Speech (TTS) Synthesis 1364
TFIR 1365
Thermal Biometrics 1365
Thermogram 1365
Third Level Detail 1365
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 1365
Thresholding 1365
Throughput 1366
Time and Attendance 1366
Definition 1366
Overview of Time and Attendance 1366
Payroll Calculations 1366
Data Capture 1367
Typical Time and Attendance Terminals 1368
Driving Factors for Choosing Biometrics 1369
Application Specific Tradeoffs 1369
Case Study: McDonalds 1370
Confounding Issues 1370
Summary 1371
References 1372
Time and Attendance Terminal 1372
Time Clock 1372
Time Series 1372
Tongue-Print Recognition 1372
Tooth Biometrics 1373
Top and Secondary Choices 1373
Total Transaction Time 1373
Touch Tablet 1373
Touch-Screen 1373
Tracing 1373
Training 1373
Training Data, Sufficiency 1373
Training Signature 1374
Transfer Learning 1374
Transformation 1374
Transmission-Based Touchless Finger Imaging (TTFI) 1374
Transportable Asset Protection 1374
Synonym 1374
Definition 1374
Introduction 1374
System Architectures 1375
Role of Standards 1378
Algorithmic Challenges and Approaches 1378
Recent Trends 1379
Related Entries 1379
References 1379
Tread Pattern 1380
Trusted Biometric System 1380
Trusted Traveler 1380
U 1381
UBM 1381
ULW 1381
Unauthorized Data Collection 1381
Unauthorized Data Disclosure 1381
Unification Framework 1381
Universal Background Models 1381
Synonyms 1381
Definition 1381
Likelihood Ratio Test 1382
Alternative Hypothesis Modeling 1382
Universal Background Models 1383
Acknowledgment 1384
Related Entries 1384
References 1384
Universal Latent Workstation 1384
Synonym 1384
Definition 1384
Introduction 1385
Fingerprint Features 1385
Search Preparation with ULW 1386
Searching Multiple AFIS 1386
Summary 1388
Related Entries 1388
References 1388
Unnecessary Data Collection 1388
Unsupervised 1388
Unsupervised Rank Level Fusion 1389
Unvoiced Sounds 1389
Usability 1389
User Acceptance 1389
Definition 1389
Introduction 1389
Historical Context 1390
The Importance of User Acceptance 1391
Principal Large Scale Studies 1391
Technologies 1393
Applications 1394
Summary 1394
Related Entries 1394
References 1394
User Interfaces 1395
User Interface, System Design 1395
Synonyms 1395
Definition 1395
Introduction 1395
Single Mode 1396
Client/Server Mode 1397
Summary 1398
Related Entries 1398
References 1398
User-Centered Design 1399
User-dependent Fusion 1399
Utility 1399
Utterance 1399
V 1401
Vascular Biometrics 1401
Vascular Image Data Format, Standardization 1401
Synonyms 1401
Definition 1401
Introduction 1401
Introduction to ISO/IEC 19794-9 Vascular Image Data Format Standard 1402
Future Activities 1404
Summary 1404
Related Entries 1405
References 1405
Vascular Network Pattern 1405
Vascular Recognition 1405
Vector Quantization 1405
Vein 1406
Vein Biometrics 1406
Vein Recognition 1406
Velocity (Speed) 1406
Verification 1406
Vetting 1407
Video Camera 1407
Video Surveillance 1407
Video-based Face Recognition 1407
Video-based Motion Capture 1407
Visible Spectrum 1407
Synonyms 1407
Definition 1407
Visual Memory 1407
Visual Sensor 1407
Visual-dynamic Speaker Recognition 1407
Vitality 1408
Viterbi Algorithm 1408
VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) 1408
Voice Authentication 1408
Voice Biometric 1408
Voice Biometric Engine 1408
Voice Device 1409
Synonyms 1409
Definition 1409
Introduction 1409
Microphones 1410
Definition 1410
History 1410
Types 1410
Directional Characteristics 1411
Microphone Location 1413
Specifications 1413
Summary 1414
Related Entries 1414
References 1414
Voice Evidence 1414
Voice Recognition 1414
Voice Sample Synthesis 1414
Synonyms 1414
Definition 1414
Introduction 1415
Overview of Voice Synthesis Methods 1415
Unit Selection Synthesis 1416
Voice Creation 1417
Conclusion 1419
Related Entries 1420
References 1420
Voice Verification 1420
Voice, Forensic Evidence of 1420
Synonym 1420
Definition 1420
Introduction 1421
Voice as Evidence 1422
Bayesian Interpretation of Evidence 1423
Strength of Evidence 1424
Evaluation of the Strength of Evidence 1426
Forensic Speaker Recognition in Mismatched Conditions 1426
Summary 1427
Related Entries 1427
References 1427
Voiced Sounds 1428
Voiceprint 1428
Volunteer Crew 1428
W 1429
Walk-through 1429
Walk-up 1429
Watermarking, Biometric 1429
Watermarking, Digital 1429
Wavefront Coded Iris Biometric Systems 1429
Synonyms 1429
Definition 1429
Introduction 1430
Wavefront Coding for Extended Focus and Aberration Correction 1430
Simulation of Iris Biometric Systems 1431
Simulation and Study of Unrestored Wavefront Coded Iris Imagery 1431
Summary 1433
Related Entries 1434
References 1434
Wavefront Coding 1434
Wavefront Coding for Enhancing the Imaging Volume in Iris Recognition 1434
Synonym 1434
Definition 1435
Introduction 1435
Wavefront Coded Iris Recognition System 1435
Experimental Example 1436
System Design 1437
Summary 1439
Related Entries 1439
References 1439
Wavelength 1439
Wavelet Transform 1439
Web Services 1440
Work-sharing On-card Matching 1440
World Model 1440
X 1441
XML Schema Definition 1441
Z 1443
Zero Effort Forgery 1443
Synonym 1443
Definition 1443
Introduction 1443
Overview of Dynamic Signature Verification 1443
Forgery Levels - The Impostor Data Set 1444
References 1445
Zero Effort Impostor Attempt 1446
Zone 1446
List of Entries 1447

Erscheint lt. Verlag	29.7.2009
Zusatzinfo	XVIII, 470 p.
Verlagsort	Berlin
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
	Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
	Technik
Schlagworte	animal health • Antarctic • Diseases • Environment • environmental protection • Fish and Wildlife Biology • marine and freshwater sciences • Penguins • Seals • wildlife
ISBN-10	3-540-93923-7 / 3540939237
ISBN-13	978-3-540-93923-8 / 9783540939238

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