Physics of Ice

1. Introduction ; 1.1 The importance of ice ; 1.2 The physics of ice and structure of the book ; 1.3 The water molecule ; 1.4 The hydrogen bond ; 2. Ice Ih ; 2.1 Introduction ; 2.2 Crystal structure ; 2.3 Zero-point entropy ; 2.4 Lattice energy and hydrogen bonding ; 2.5 The actual structure ; 2.6 Summary ; 3. Elastic, thermal, and lattice dynamical properties ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 Elasticity ; 3.3 Thermal properties ; 3.4 Spectroscopy of lattice vibrations ; 3.5 Modelling ; 4. Electrical properties-theory ; 4.1 Basics ; 4.2 Frequency dependence of the Debye relaxation ; 4.3 The static susceptibility ?s ; 4.4 Protonic point defects ; 4.5 Jaccard theory ; 4.6 Ice with blocking electrodes ; 4.7 Time constraints ; 4.8 Summary ; 5. Electrical properties-experimental ; 5.1 Introduction ; 5.2 Techniques ; 5.3 Pure ice ; 5.4 Doped ice ; 5.5 Charge exchange at ice-metal electrodes ; 5.6 Space-change effects ; 5.7 Injection and extraction of charge carriers ; 5.8 Thermally-stimulated depolarization ; 6. Point defects ; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 Thermal equilibrium concentrations ; 6.3 Diffusion and mobility ; 6.4 Molecular defects ; 6.5 Protonic point defects ; 6.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 6.7 Muon spin rotation, relaxation, and resonance ; 6.8 Chemical impurities ; 6.9 Electronic defects ; 6.10 Photoconductivity ; 6.11 Review ; 7. Dislocations and planar defects ; 7.1 Introduction to dislocations ; 7.2 Dislocations in the ice structure ; 7.3 Direct observation of dislocations ; 7.4 Dislocation mobility ; 7.5 Electrical effects ; 7.6 Stacking faults ; 7.7 Grain boundaries ; 8. Mechanical properties ; 8.1 Introduction ; 8.2 Plastic deformation of single crystals ; 8.3 Plastic deformation of polycrystalline ice ; 8.4 Brittle fracture of polycrystalline ice ; 8.5 Summary ; 9. Optical and electronic properties ; 9.1 Introduction ; 9.2 Propagation of electromagnetic waves in ice ; 9.3 Infrared range ; 9.4 Visible optical range-birefringence ; 9.5 Ultraviolet range ; 9.6 Electronic structure ; 10. The surface of ice ; 10.1 Introduction ; 10.2 Surface structure ; 10.3 Optical ellipsometry and microscopy ; 10.4 Electrical properties of the surface ; 10.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 10.6 Scanning force microscopy ; 10.7 Surface energy ; 10.8 Review of experimental evidence ; 10.9 Theoretical models ; 10.10 Conclusions ; 11. The other phases of ice ; 11.1 Introduction ; 11.2 Ice XI-the ordered form of ice Ih ; 11.3 Ices VII and VIII ; 11.4 Ice VI ; 11.5 Ice II ; 11.6 Ices III, IV, V, IX, and XII ; 11.7 Ice X and beyond ; 11.8 Cubic ice (Ice Ic) ; 11.9 Amorphous ices ; 11.10 Clathrate hydrates ; 11.11 Lattice vibrations and the hydrogen bond ; 12. Ice in nature ; 12.1 Lake and river ice ; 12.2 Sea ice ; 12.3 Ice in the atmosphere ; 12.4 Snow ; 12.5 Glacier and polar ice ; 12.6 Frozen ground ; 12.7 Ice in the Solar System ; 13. Adhesion and friction ; 13.1 Experiments on adhesion ; 13.2 Physical mechanisms of adhesion ; 13.3 Friction