Electric Probes in Stationary and Flowing Plasmas

I Fundamental Considerations.- II Collisionless and Transitional Electric Probes.- 2.0 Introduction.- 2.1 Early Theories.- 2.2 Orbital Motion Limit.- 2.3 The Cold-Ion Approximation.- 2.4 Exact Theories for Current Collection by Spherical and Cylindrical Probes in the Collisionless Limit.- 2.5 Collisional Effects on Probe Response.- 2.6 Effect of Flow on Aligned Cylindrical Probes under Collisionless Conditions.- 2.7 Summary.- References.- III Continuum Electric Probes.- 3.0 Introduction.- 3.1 Some Physical Considerations.- 3.2 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions.- 3.2.1 Nondimensional Equations.- 3.2.2 Definition of Parameters.- 3.3 Specific Applications to Probe Theory.- 3.3.1 Small Convection Limit, ReSci ? 0.- 3.3.2 Large Convection Limit, ReSci ? 1.- 3.4 The Collisionless Thin Sheath (Dense) Case.- 3.5 Summary.- References.- IV Special Topics.- 4.0 Introduction.- 4.1 Probe-Surface Phenomena.- 4.1.1 Effect of Surface Deposit Layers.- 4.1.2 Effect of Electron Emission.- 4.2 Negative Ions.- 4.3 Strongly Ionized Plasmas.- 4.4 Turbulent Plasmas.- 4.4.1 Collisionless Regime.- 4.4.2 Continuum Regime.- 4.4.3 Transient Response (Laminar Plasmas).- 4.5 Electric Probes in Magnetic Fields.- 4.5.1 Weak B-Field Case.- 4.5.2 Moderate B-Field Case.- 4.5.3 Induced B-Field Effects.- 4.5.4 Strong B-Field Case.- References.- Appendix Introduction.- A.1 Nondimensionalization of Boltzmann and Poisson Equations.- A.2 General Behavior of the Boltzmann Equation.- A.3 Distribution Function for Continuum Plasma.- A.4 Electron-Diffusion and Energy-Transport Vectors for Continuum Plasma.- A.5 Moment Equations of the Boltzmann Equations.- A.6 Noncontinuum Regimes (Collisionless and Transitional).- References.