Wiley Pathways Threats to Homeland Security

1 The Changing Nature of National Security 1


Introduction 2


1.1 Foundations of American Security Policy 2


1.1.1 Geopolitics at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 3


1.1.2 National Security and World War II 5


Self–Check 8


1.2 Security in the Cold War Era 8


1.2.1 Bipolarity vs. Multipolarity 10


1.2.2 Containing Communism 12


1.2.3 Non–Communist Threats 17


Self–Check 18


1.3 Security in the Post Cold War Era, Pre–9/1118


1.3.1 Changing Threats 18


1.3.2 New Conflicts, New Responses 19


1.3.3 Reorganization of National Security Policy 21


Self–Check 22


1.4 Security in the Global War on Terrorism, Post–9/11 22


1.4.1 Globalization and Geopolitics 23


1.4.2 Reorganization for the Global War on Terrorism 25


Self–Check 28


Summary 28


Key Terms 29


Summary Questions 32


Applying This Chapter 33


You Try It 34


2 U.S. Homeland Security Interests 35


Introduction 36


2.1 Human Security: Protecting People 36


2.1.1 Social Factors 38


2.1.2 Political Factors 40


Self–Check 48


2.2 Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources 48


2.2.1 Major Initiatives 50


2.2.2 Types of Protection 53


Self–Check 55


2.3 Economic Pressures and Activities 56


2.3.1 Protecting the U.S. Economy 56


2.3.2 Economic Recovery After an Incident 57


2.3.3 The Costs of Homeland Security 58


Self–Check 62


2.4 Societal Values: Protecting Democracy 62


2.4.1 A Controversy as Old as Our Country 63


2.4.2 The Bill of Rights and Constitutional Issues 63


Self–Check 67


Summary 67


Key Terms 67


Summary Questions 71


Applying This Chapter 72


You Try It 73


3 The All–Hazards Perspective 74


Introduction 75


3.1 Natural Disasters: Things We Can Expect to Happen 75


3.1.1 The History of Natural Disasters in the United States 76


3.1.2 Natural Disaster Response 78


3.1.3 Natural Disasters in a Post–9/11 World 80


Self–Check 82


3.2 Accidental Hazards: Things We Can Try to Prevent 82


3.2.1 History of Accidental Hazards in the United States 83


3.2.2 Accidental Hazard Prevention and Response 84


3.2.3 Accidental Hazards in a Post–9/11 World 87


Self–Check 88


3.3 Man–made Hazards: Things We Hope Don t Happen 88


3.3.1 History of Man–made Disasters Caused by Human Error in the United States 89


3.3.2 Man–made Disaster Mitigation and Response 90


3.3.3 Man–made Disasters in a Post–9/11 World 92


Self–Check 93


Summary 93


Key Terms 94


Summary Questions 97


Applying This Chapter 98


You Try It 99


4 A Conceptual Framework Assessing Threats and Interests 100


Introduction 101


4.1 A General Framework of Analysis What to Assess 101


4.1.1 The Disaster Impact Process 102


4.1.2 Pre–Impact Conditions 103


4.1.3 Event–Specific Conditions 106


4.1.4 Final Thoughts on What to Assess 107


Self–Check 108


4.2 A Matrix Approach How to Assess 108


4.2.1 Risk Matrices 110


4.2.2 Composite Exposure Indicator 112


4.2.3 HAZUS 114


4.2.4 Vulnerability Assessments 115


4.2.5 Final Thoughts on How to Assess 116


Self–Check 117


4.3 The Emergency Management Planning Model 117


4.3.1 Mitigation 117


4.3.2 Risk Reduction 119


4.3.3 Preparedness 120


4.3.4 Response 120


4.3.5 Recovery 123


Self–Check 124


Summary 125


Key Terms 125


Summary Questions 128


Applying This Chapter 129


You Try It 130


5 State Actors and Terrorism 131


Introduction 132


5.1 Defining Terrorism 132


5.1.1 The Historical Context of Terrorism 134


5.1.2 Terrorism and Political Violence 135


Self–Check 136


5.2 States and the Use of Force in the Inter–State System 136


5.2.1 The State and the Use of Force 137


5.2.2 The State and Intervention 138


Self–Check 140


5.3 State Actors: What Is State Terrorism? 140


5.3.1 Internal State Terrorism 140


5.3.2 External State Terrorism 143


Self–Check 145


5.4 The Global Response 145


5.4.1 The United Nations and Collective Security 145


5.4.2 The United Nations Response to Terrorism 147


Self–Check 149


5.5 The United States and State Sponsors of Terrorism 149


5.5.1 Cuba 150


5.5.2 Iran 152


5.5.3 Libya 154


5.5.4 North Korea 155


5.5.5 Sudan 155


5.5.6 Syria 156


Self–Check 158


5.6 Implications of the U.S. Response to State–Sponsored Terrorism 157


5.6.1 Criticisms of the State–Sponsored List 158


5.6.2 How Can the State Sponsor List Be Improved? 160


Self–Check 162


Summary 163


Key Terms 163


Summary Questions 165


Applying This Chapter 166


You Try It 167


6 Non–State Actors and Terrorism 168


Introduction 169


6.1 Non–State Terrorism and Its Impact on the Inter–State System 169


6.1.1 The Threat of Non–State Terrorism to a State 171


6.1.2 History of Ideas Underpinning Terrorist Movements 173


6.1.3 The Internationalization of Terrorism 176


6.1.4 The Meaning Behind the Internationalization of Terrorism 177


Self–Check 179


6.2 Different Types of Terrorist Organizations 179


6.2.1 Ethno–Nationalist/Separatist Terrorism 180


6.2.2 Ideological Terrorism 182


6.2.3 Religious Terrorism 187


Self–Check 192


6.3 Terrorist Methods 193


6.3.1 Primary Tactics of Terrorism 193


6.3.2 Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction 194


6.3.3 Suicide Terrorism 197


Self–Check 202


6.4 Counter–terrorism Efforts 202


6.4.1 Counter–terrorism Against Ethno–Nationalist/Separatist and Ideological Terrorism 203


6.4.2 Counter–terrorism Against Religious Terrorism 205


6.4.3 Counter–terrorism Against Suicide Terrorism 208


Self–Check 211


Summary 211


Key Terms 212


Summary Questions 214


Applying This Chapter 215


You Try It 216


7 Cyber–Terrorism and Cyber–Warfare 217


Introduction 218


7.1 The Cyber–Terrorism Threat 218


7.1.1 Defining Cyber–Terrorism and Cyber–Warfare 220


7.1.2 What Can Cyber–Terrorism and Cyber–Warfare Do? 221


Self–Check 224


7.2 Assessing Capability and Intent 224


7.2.1 Who Can Conduct Cyber–Terrorism and Cyber–Warfare? 225


7.2.2 Tools of Cyber–Terrorism 228


Self–Check 230


7.3 Assessing Consequences 230


7.3.1 Why America Is Vulnerable to Cyber–Terrorism 231


7.3.2 The Impact of a Cyber–Terrorist Attack 232


Self–Check 234


7.4 Determining Defenses Against Cyber–Terrorism and Cyber–Warfare 234


7.4.1 The Government and Private Sector Response to Cyber–Terrorism 237


7.4.2 The U.S. Military Response to Cyber–Warfare 240


Self–Check 244


Summary 244


Key Terms 245


Summary Questions 247


Applying This Chapter 248


You Try It 249


8 Weapons of Mass Destruction 250


Introduction 251


8.1 Chemical Weapons and Their Consequences 251


8.1.1 History of Chemical Weapons Use 251


8.1.2 Chemical Agents and Their Effects 252


8.1.3 The Threat of Chemical Weapons and Terrorism 253


Self–Check 255


8.2 Biological Weapons and Their Consequences 256


8.2.1 History of Biological Weapons Use 256


8.2.2 Biological Agents and Their Effects 258


8.2.3 The Threat of Biological Weapons and Terrorism 258


Self–Check 260


8.3 Radiological Weapons and Their Consequences 260


8.3.1 Radiological Materials and Their Effects 262


8.3.2 History of Nuclear Materials Discoveries and Weapons Development 265


8.3.3 The Threat of Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism 267


8.3.4 Managing Radiological Incidents and Their Aftermath 269


Self–Check 271


Summary 271


Key Terms 272


Summary Questions 274


Applying This Chapter 275


You Try It 276


9 Domestic Terrorism 277


Introduction 278


9.1 Analyzing the Domestic Terrorist Threat 278


9.1.1 Overview of Domestic Terrorism 279


9.1.2 Homegrown Terrorists 280


9.1.3 Foreign Terrorists 284


9.1.4 Foreign Terrorist Organizers 286


9.1.5 Final Thoughts on the Domestic Terrorist Threat 288


Self–Check 289


9.2 The Operational Environment for Terrorism 290


9.2.1 The Physical Environment 290


9.2.2 The Political Environment 291


9.2.3 The Security Environment 294


9.2.4 The Resource Environment 296


9.2.5 Final Thoughts on the Operational Environment 298


Self–Check 298


9.3 The U.S. Response to Terrorism 299


9.3.1 The Lead Agency Approach and Counterterrorism 299


9.3.2 The Criminal Justice Approach 301


9.3.3 Final Thoughts on the U.S. Response to Terrorism 304


Self–Check 305


Summary 305


Key Terms 306


Summary Questions 309


Applying This Chapter 310


You Try It 311


10 Enablers of Mass Effects 312


Introduction 313


10.1 The Power of Information and Ideas 313


10.1.1 Ideas and Terrorism 317


10.1.2 Ideas and the All–Hazards Assessment 318


Self–Check 321


10.2 The Role of the Media in the Global War on Terrorism 321


10.2.1 The Use of Media by Terrorist Groups 322


Self–Check 324


10.3 The Internet and Other Global Communications Means 324


Self–Check 330


10.4 The Role of Educational Institutions 331


10.4.1 Alternative Educational Institutions 331


10.4.2 International Students in the United States 332


10.4.3 Education of Domestic Students in Security 333


Self–Check 335


Summary 335


Key Terms 336


Summary Questions 338


Applying This Chapter 339


You Try It 340


Bibliography 341


Glossary 358


Index 372