Introductory Statistics Using R

Herschel Knapp, PhD, MSSW, has more than 30 years of experience as a health care professional in a variety of domains. In addition to his clinical work as a psychotherapist, primarily in hospital set­tings, he has provided project management for innovative interventions designed to improve the quality of patient care via multisite, health science implementations. He teaches master’s and doctoral courses at Yeshiva University; he has also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, University of Southern California, California State University, Los Angeles, and California State, San Bernardino.  Dr. Knapp has served as the lead statistician on a lon­gitudinal cancer research project and managed the program evaluation metrics for a multisite, nonprofit children’s center. His clinical work includes emergency/trauma therapy in hospital settings. Dr. Knapp has developed and implemented innovative tele­health systems, using videoconferencing technology to facilitate optimal health care service delivery to remote patients and to coordinate specialty consultations among health care providers, including interventions to diagnose and treat people with HIV and hepatitis, with special outreach to the homeless. He created and implemented a nurse research mentorship program, providing research and analytic education, enabling nurses to design, implement, analyze, and publish the results of their quality improvement projects. Dr. Knapp has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed health science journals and serves as a peer-reviewer for more than 20 science journals.  He is also the author of other textbooks, including Intermediate Statistics Using SPSS (2018), Introductory Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed., 2017), Practical Statistics for Nursing Using SPSS (2017), Therapeutic Communication: Developing Professional Skills (2nd ed., 2014), and Introduction to Social Work Practice: A Practical Workbook (2010).

Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Author
Part I: Statistical Foundation
Chapter 1: Research Principles
Overview – Research Principles
Rationale for Statistics
Levels of Measure and Types of Variables
Control and Treatment Groups
Random Assignment
Research Question and Hypothesis Formulation
Asking and Answering Research Questions
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 2: Sampling
Overview – Sampling
Sampling Rationale
Sampling Terminology
Representative Sample
Probability Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Sampling Bias
Optimal Sample Size
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 3: Getting Started In R
Overview – R And Rstudio
Setting Up Your RStudio Cloud Account
R Syntax Guide
Loading Packages
Dataset Structure
Codebook
Uploading a Dataset to R
Data File Types
First Statistical Run
Variable References
Exporting Results
Copying Graphs
Shortcuts
Clear the Console Window
Doing Math in R
Data Order Doesn’t Matter
Processing Your Own Data
Logging Off
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Part II: Statistical Tests
Chapter 4: Descriptive Statistics
Overview – Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics in Context
Descriptive Statistics for Continuous and Categorical Variables
Descriptive Statistics: Continuous Variables (Score)
Descriptive Statistics: Categorical Variables (Hand)
Managing Data
Managing Plots
Moving Forward
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 5: t Test and Welch Two Sample t Test
Overview – t Test
t Tests and Welch Two Sample t Tests in Context
Example
Type I and Type II Errors
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 6: ANOVA – Tukey Test and Wilcoxon Multiple Pairwise Comparisons Test
Overview – ANOVA Test
ANOVA Tests in Context
Layered Learning
Example
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 7: Paired t Test and Paired Wilcoxon Test
Overview – Paired t Test
Paired t Tests and Paired Wilcoxon Tests in Context
Layered Learning
Example
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 8: Correlation – Pearson Test and Spearman Test
Overview – Pearson Test
Correlation in Context
More About Correlation
Example
Correlation Versus Causation
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Chapter 9: Chi-Square
Overview – Chi-Square Test
Chi-Square Tests in Context
Example
Good Common Sense
Key Concepts
Practice Exercises
Glossary
Index