Research Handbook on Hate and Hate Crimes in Society

Edited by James Hawdon, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention,Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech and Matthew Costello, Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, US

Contents
1 Introduction: hate and hate crimes in society 1
James Hawdon and Matthew Costello
PART I MEASURING HATE CRIMES AND THEIR EFFECTS
2 The definitional and methodological challenges of studying hate crimes:
evaluating official statistics, victimization, and self-report data 15
Joseph H. Michalski
3 Hate-motivated behavior: measurement, antecedents, and future
considerations 36
Andre Kehn, Mariah L. Sorby, Madison Adrian, and Lauren Stornelli
4 The individual impacts of hate crime victimization 59
Brendan Lantz, Marin R. Wenger, and Jack M. Mills
PART II VARIATION IN TYPES OF HATE CRIMES
5 Acts of bias-related violence against LGBTQ+ persons and the
LGBTQ+ community: prevalence, psychosocial consequences,
interventions, and recommendations 83
Michael L. Dolezal, Heather Littleton, Stephanie Lim, and Katie Edwards
6 Anti-Muslim hate crimes in the United States and Canada: visibility and
the minority-group threat thesis 101
Joseph H. Michalski
7 A reflection on anti-Asian hate in America: from early immigration to
COVID-19 125
Matthew Costello and Holly Verity Williams
8 Anti-immigrant sentiment and hate: the past as prologue 142
Salvatore J. Restifo and Amie Bostic
9 Hate at school: how often it occurs and how to prevent it 163
Janice Iwama, Jazmine Talley, and Jack McDevitt
10 Capturing racial threat: measuring anti-Black hate crimes during
Obama’s presidential ascent 180
Jonathan A. LLoyd and Ashley V. Reichelmann
11 Hate crime investigations without identified victims 199
Lisa M. Jones, Kimberly J. Mitchell, Heather A. Turner,
Gina Zwerling Kahn, and Leanne Gast
PART III HATE CRIMES IN COUNTRIES AROUND THE GLOBE
12 Understanding the issue of hate crimes in Pakistan: concepts and
prevalence 217
Nizar Ahmad, Jun Sung Hong, and Paghunda Bibi
13 Cyberhate and young people in the French context 232
Catherine Blaya and Liliia Korol
14 From online hate speech to offline hate crime? Testing individual-level
associations with a nationally representative sample of adolescents
aged 15–17 252
Markus Kaakinen, Teemu Vauhkonen, Janne Vepsäläinen, and
Pekka Räsänen
15 Dialing down hatred: an online pilot project to test counter-narrative
effectiveness among far-right-sympathetic audiences in the UK 265
William Allchorn
PART IV HATE CRIME AND ITS COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP WITH
STATE ACTORS: BROADENING THE PERSPECTIVE
16 Fighting ecoterrorism or fighting dissent: are state and corporate actors
perpetrators of hate crimes? 290
Robert Todd Perdue
17 Ecosystems of Hate: understanding the relationship between terrorism,
hate crime, and hate speech 303
Matteo Vergani and Jade Hutchinson
18 The state’s role in hate: understanding hate crime throughout US history 322
James Hawdon