Routledge Handbook of Illiberalism

András Sajó is former Vice- President of the European Court of Human rights. As a judge he dealt with cases of rights violation originating in illiberal shifts in many countries. His term ended by May 2017 and he is currently University Professor at Central European University (CEU), Budapest, where he teaches constitutional law and interdisciplinary courses on the Demise of Constitutionalism. He also runs a research program of the same name. Before his judicial activity he was involved in public law projects in countries in the process of transition to democracy and taught comparative law at Cardozo Law School, NYU Law School, and CEU. Renáta Uitz is Professor and Chair of the Comparative Constitutional Law program at Central European University, Budapest. Her teaching covers subjects in comparative constitutional law and human rights with special emphasis on the enforcement of constitutional rights. Theories and practices of good government, transition to and from constitutional democracy, questions of personal autonomy and equality, including religious liberty and sexual autonomy, are at the centre of her research interests. Stephen Holmes is Walter E. Meyer Professorship of Law at New York University. His research centres on the history and recent evolution of liberalism and antiliberalism in Europe, the 1787 Constitution as a blueprint for continental expansion, the near- impossibility of imposing rules of democratic accountability on the deep state, the traumatic legacy of 1989, and the diffi culty of combating jihadist terrorism within the bounds of the Constitution and the international laws of war. In 1988, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to complete a study of the theoretical foundations of liberal democracy. He was named a Carnegie Scholar in 2003– 2005 for his work on Russian legal reform. After receiving his PhD from Yale in 1976, Holmes taught briefl y at Yale and Wesleyan universities before becoming a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University in 1978. He later taught at Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and Princeton before joining the faculty at NYU School of Law in 2000.

Part 1: Theoretical perspectives 1. The antiliberal idea 2. The history of illiberalism 3. Illiberalism and opposition to the Enlightenment 4. Contemporary Christian criticism of liberalism 5. Left and New Left critiques of liberalism 6. Conservativism as illiberalism 7. Asian values, Confucianism, and illiberal constitutions 8. A theory of illiberal democracy Part 2: Forms of illiberal government 9. Illiberal regime types 10. Hybrid regimes 11. Theocracy 12. Authoritarian structures and trends in consolidated democracies Part 3: Ideas and Forces Fuelling Illiberalism 13. The ideational core of democratic illiberalism 14. The people in ancient times and the rise of ’popularism’ 15. The illiberal potential of the people 16. Identity, narratives and nationalism 17. Illiberalism and national sovereignty 18. Populism and illiberalism 19. Illiberalism and the multicultural backlash 20. Illiberal democracy and the politicization of immigration 21. Gender and illiberalism 22. Illiberalism and Islam Part 4: Illiberal practices 23. Illiberal practices 24. Surveillance in the illiberal state 25. Media control and post-truth communication 26. Illiberal practices and the management of protest and dissent 27. The body of the nation: Illiberalism and gender Part 5: Government and governance 28. The myth of the illiberal democratic constitution 29. Constitutional practices in times ’after liberty’ 30. Parliaments in an Era of Illiberal Executives 31. Political parties, elections, and pernicious polarization in the rise of illiberalism 32. The plebiscite in modern democracy 33. Illiberal constitutionalism and the judiciary 34. Illiberalism and the rule of law 35. Emergencies and illiberalism 36. Illiberalism of military regimes 37. Towards a post-liberal approach to political ordering Part 6: Economy, society and psychology 38. The social requisites of illiberalism 39. The psychological construction of the illiberal subject 40. The psychology of authoritarianism and support for illiberal policies and parties 41. Illiberal politics and group-based needs for recognition and dominance 42. Illiberal economic policies 43. Economic Consequences of Illiberalism in Eastern Europe Part 7: Regional and national variations 44. Asia’s illiberal governments 45. Cultural sources and institutional practice of authoritarianism in China 46. The intertwining of liberalism and illiberalism in India 47. Indonesia’s ‘third-wave’ democratic model? 48. Latin America breathing: Liberalism and illiberalism, once and again 49. From antiestablishmentarianism to Bolsonarism in Brazil 50. The Balkans 51. Illiberalism in East Central Europe 52. The illiberal challenge in the European Union 53. Turkey as a model of Muslim authoritarianism? Part 8: Global perspectives 54. Illiberalism and human rights 55. Free trade in peril 56. International sources of democratic backsliding 57. The crisis of liberal world order Part 9: Sources of resistance 58. The weaknesses of illiberal regimes 59. Civil society, crisis exposure and resistance strategies 60. Politics after the normalization of shamelessness Part 10: Themes for future research 61. A compass for future research