Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Egypt

Frederick de Jong Ph.D. (1977), Leiden University. Chair of Islamic Languages and Cultures in Utrecht University (1984-2009). Major publications concern sufi orders, Muslim minorities in South-Eastern Europe and in Turkey, in addition to Uyghur language and culture.

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Maps and Plates

Note on Spelling and Transliteration



Introduction



1 The Emergence and Institutionalization of Central Authority over the Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions

 1 Al-Bakriyya and Its Leaders

 2 The Niqābat al-As̲h̲rāf

 3 The Arbāb al-Sajājīd

 4 The Ṭuruq

 5 The Formalization of al-Bakrī’s Authority and Muḥammad ʿAlī’s Policy

 6 The Shrine- and Takīya-Based Ṭuruq

 7 Ṭuruq without Material Assets

 8 The Takāyā and Zawāyā

 9 The Appointment of Muḥammad al-Bakrī as Naqīb al-As̲h̲rāf and Its Implications

 10 Demarcation of Authority: The Agreement with al-Azhar

 11 The Early Phase of the Ṭuruq Administration

 12 Summary



2 The Ṭuruq Realm, the Principle of Right of Qadam, the Nature and Functioning of the Ṭuruq Administration

 1 The Genesis of the Principle of Right of Qadam

 2 Al-Bakrī’s Authority over the Ṭuruq and the Principle of Right of Qadam

 3 The Ṭuruq Administration and the Government

 4 Conflicts about Right of Qadam and Their Resolution

 5 The As̲h̲rāf as Ṭarīqa Officials

 6 Conflicts Not Related to Qadam

 7 The Mawālid and the Ṭuruq

 8 The Shrines

 9 The Mawlid al-Nabī Celebrations

 10 Additional Mawālid and Other Celebrations Organized and Supervised by al-Bakrī

 11 The Processions of the Kiswa, the Maḥmal and the Laylat al-Ruʾya

 12 The Ṭuruq Involved

 13 Al-Bakrī’s Administration and the Ṭakāyā

 14 Al-Bakrī’s Administration, the Cairene Shrines and Their Intendants

 15 The Nature and Scope of al-Bakrī’s Authority

 16 Demands for Reforms

 17 Summary



3 The Crisis of Authority

 1 The Circular of 1881, Its Contents, Implications and Consequences

 2 The Inadequate Maintenance of Rights of Qadam

 3 The New Ṭuruq, Their Leaders, Their Spread, Their Recognition

 4 Secessionist Ṭuruq

 5 The Changing Area of Authority and the Decline of Its Legitimacy

 6 The ʿUrābī Insurrection and Ṭarīqa Involvement

 7 Summary



4 The Promulgation of the Regulations for the Ṭuruq, Their History and Contents

 1 Muḥammad Tawfīq al-Bakrī and the Early Re-assertion of Authority

 2 The Regulations of 1895

 3 The Amended Regulations of 1903

 4 Ṭuruq without Official Status

 5 The Internal Regulations of 1905

 6 The Reformist Calls for Iṣlāḥ of the Ṭuruq

 7 Opposition to and Acceptance of the Internal Regulations

 8 Status Changes of the Ṭuruq

 9 The Political Activities of Muḥammad Tawfiq al-Bakrī

 10 Summary



Epilogue



Appendix 1: Translation of the Firmān Issued by Muḥammad ʿAlī, Viceroy of Egypt, Investing Muḥammad Efendī al-Bakrī with Authority over the Ṭuruq and Ṭuruq-Linked Institutions

Appendix 2: Translation of the Maḥdar Setting out the Demarcation of the Areas of Authority of the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Sajjāda al-Bakriyya, Muḥammad Efendī al-Bakrī, and the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Azhar, Ibrāhīm al-Bayjūrī

Appendix 3: Translation of a Circular Issued by the S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Bakrī to All the Chiefs of the Religious Sects

Appendix 4: Translation of the Regulations for the Ṭuruq (Lāʾiḥat al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1895

Appendix 5: Translation of the Amended Regulations for the Ṭuruq (Lāʾiḥat al-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1903

Appendix 6: Translation of the Internal Regulations for the Ṭuruq (al-Lāʾiḥat al-Dāk̲h̲iliyya li-l-Ṭuruq al-Ṣūfiyya) of 1905

Appendix 7a: The Genealogy of Muḥammad Abū l-Suʿūd al-Bakrī

Appendix 7b: Descendants of Muḥammad Abū l-Suʿūd al-Bakrī Down to the Early 20th Century

Appendix 8: Names of Persons Who Held the Supreme Authority Position over the Bakrī Family and the Bakriyya Order in Ottoman Egypt

Appendix 9: Appointees to the Niqābat al-As̲h̲rāf from ca. 1750 until 1911

Bibliography

Index of Arabic and Turkish Terms

Index of Personal Names

Index of Place Names

General Index