Comparative Aspects of Extracellular Acid-Base Balance

1. General Properties of Water and Body Fluids as Acid-Base Systems.- 1.1 Definition of an Acid-Base System.- 1.2 Components of Physiological Acid-Base Systems.- 1.3 Physicochemical Constraints in Acid-Base Systems.- 1.4 Dependent and Independent Variables in Physiological Acid-Base Systems.- 1.5 Titration Behavior of Acid-Base Systems.- 2. Methodological Approaches and Problems.- 2.1 Data Acquisition: The Description of the Acid-Base State.- 2.2 Interpretation of the Data: "Normal" State, Disturbances, Compensations.- 2.3 Specific Methods to be Used in Aquatic Animals.- 2.4 Some Other Specific Problems and Limitations.- 3. Extracellular Acid-Base Status and the Nature of the Respiratory Medium.- 3.1 Extracellular pH, PCO2, and [HCO?3] in Water Breathers and Air Breathers.- 3.2 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance in Bimodal Breathers.- 3.3 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance During the Transition from Water to Air Breathing.- 4. Acid-Base Balance and Respiratory Gases in the Ambient Medium.- 4.1 Natural Variations of O2 and CO2 in Ambient Media.- 4.2 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance and the Oxygenation of the Ambient Medium.- 4.3 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance as a Function of Ambient PCO2.- 4.4 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance During Combined Changes of Ambient PO2 and PCO2.- 5. Extracellular Acid-Base Balance in Aquatic Animals as a Function of the Ionic Composition and the Acid-Base Balance of the Ambient Water.- 5.1 Extracellular Acid-Base State and the Salinity of the Ambient Water.- 5.2 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance and the Concentration of Certain Ions in Freshwater.- 5.3 Extracellular Acid-Base Balance and the Acid-Base State of Ambient Water.- 5.4 Extracellular Acid-Base Disturbances in Acid Waters.- 5.5 An Overview of Ambient Factors Affecting ExtracellularAcid-Base Balance in Aquatic Animals.- 6. Extracellular Acid-Base Balance and Body Temperature.- 6.1 Temperature and the Acid-Base State of Buffer Systems in Vitro.- 6.2 Normal Extracellular pH at Variable Body Temperature in Poikilotherms.- 6.3 In Vivo Variations of the Carbonic System with Body Temperature.- 6.4 Significance of the Extracellular pH-Body Temperature Relationship: a Critical Evaluation.- 7. Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Acid-Base Regulatory Mechanisms.- 7.1 Buffering of ECF Acid and Base Loads.- 7.2 Mechanisms and Organ Systems Involved in Excretion of Acid or Base Loads.- 7.3 Comparative Physiology of Acid-Base Regulation: An Evolutionary Overview.- 8. Extracellular Acid-Base Balance in Some Specific Physiological Situations.- 8.1 Muscular Activity.- 8.2 Panting.- 8.3 Diving.- 8.4 Hibernation.- 8.5 Miscellaneous.- References.- Notes Added in Proof.- References Added in Proof.- Subject and Species Index.