Practical Oscillator Handbook (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 4
Preface 8
Chapter 1. Frequency-determining elements of oscillators 10
Parallel-tuned LC circuit 10
Losses in a tank circuit 10
Characteristics of 'ideal' LC resonant circuit 12
Resonance in the parallel-tuned LC circuit 16
Practical tank circuits with finite losses 19
Figure of merit, 'Q' 22
Physical interpretation of R0 22
Phase characteristics of parallel-tuned LC circuit 24
Series-resonant tank circuits 4
Transmission lines 29
The delay line 30
Distributed parameters from 'lumped' LC circuit 34
Resonance in transmission lines 35
Concept of field propagation in waveguides 36
Some important features of lines and guides 37
Quartz crystals 43
A closer look at crystal operating conditions 47
Magnetostrictive element 54
The magnetostriction oscillator 57
The tuning fork 58
RC networks as oscillating elements 58
LC networks as phase shifters 62
Chapter 2. Active devices used in oscillators 65
The bipolar junction transistor 66
Transistor polarity and Darlington pairs 67
MOSFET transistors 69
Operating modes of MOSFETs and JFETs 72
The voltage-follower format of active devices 73
Bias considerations in active devices 74
Using the op amp in oscillators 75
Modes of operation for op amps and logic circuits 76
Neon bulb as a switching device 78
Thyratrons 78
The thyratron inverter 79
Spark-gap oscillator 82
Negative-resistance devices 84
The dynatron oscillator 85
Transitron oscillator 87
The unijunction transistor 90
Triode input as negative resistance 93
The saturable magnetic core 94
Oscillation in the saturable-core circuit 95
The electron beam in a vacuum 98
The magnetron 98
The reflex klystron 100
Travelling-wave tubes and the backward-wave oscillator 102
Oscillator theory in terms in the universal amplifier 106
Some considerations in the selection of semiconductor devices for oscillators 107
Chapter 3. Theory of oscillators 113
The tunnel diode 113
The Class-C feedback oscillator 120
The question of original signal voltage 122
Initiation of oscillation build-up 122
Effect of fixed bias on spontaneous oscillation build-up (tube circuits) 123
Effect of positive feedback on gain of an amplifier 123
Physical interpretation of infinite gain 124
Feedback and negative resistance from the 'viewpoint' of the resonant tank 126
The practical obsctacle to infinite build-up 129
Springs, weights and oscillating charges 132
Divergent effects of bias in feedback and negative-resistance oscillators 136
The multivibrator 137
The blocking oscillator 138
The squegging oscillator 140
Sine wave oscillation in the phase-shift oscillator 141
The parallel-T oscillator 142
The Wien bridge oscillator 144
Loading of oscillators 145
The electron-coupled oscillator 149
Chapter 4. Some practical aspects of various oscillators 152
Three types of Hartley oscillators 152
The Lampkin oscillator 156
The tuned-plate/tuned-grid oscillator 158
The Miller oscillator 159
The Colpitts oscillator 160
The ultra-audion oscillator 161
The Pierce oscillator 162
The Clapp oscillator 163
The tri-tet oscillator 164
The Meissner oscillator 166
The Meacham bridge oscillator 167
Line oscillators 169
The magnetostriction oscillator 171
The Franklin oscillator 172
The Butler oscillator 173
Bipolar transistor oscillators 174
The unijunction transistor oscillator 176
Optimizing the performance of the Miller crystal oscillator 178
Optimizing the performance of the Colpitts crystal oscillator 180
Chapter 5. Universal oscillator circuits 183
The universal amplifier: the three-terminal device 183
100 kHz transistor Butler oscillator 184
An example of a dual-gate MOSFET oscillator 185
Single transistor parallel-T oscillator 187
Several special-interest feedback circuits 188
A harmonic oscillator using a fundamental-frequency crystal 193
A bipolar transistor overtone crystal oscillator 195
An overtone crystal oscillator circuit using a FET 196
The use of diodes to select crystals electronically 197
Electronic tuning with a reverse-biased silicon diode 197
Wien bridge oscillator 200
The op amp square-wave oscillator 201
Oscillator using an IC timer 203
A simple function generator 204
Square-wave oscillator using logic circuits 206
A few words about the SN7400 NAND gate IC 207
Logic circuit square-wave oscillator with crystal stabilization 209
A clock oscillator formed from cross-coupled ttl NAND gates 209
Voltage-controlled oscillators 212
The Schmitt-trigger oscillator 216
Chapter 6. Special oscillator topics 218
Guidelines for optimizing VFO performance 219
Some notes on VXOs 225
The ceramic filter oscillator 227
The regenerative modulator~is it an oscillator? 228
The phase-locked loop and synthesized oscillators 229
A second way of synthesizing frequencies from a reference oscillator 234
Quelling undesired oscillations 236
Fancy oscillator functions for the 555 IC timer 243
Wide tuning range via the difference oscillator 246
Microwave oscillators 249
The Gunn Diode 251
Gated oscillators for clean turn-on and turn-off 254
Index 256