Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 12
Preface 4
Chapter 1 - Introduction 32
1.1 A BRIEF HISTORICAL EXCURSUS 32
1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE INCINERATION 33
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THIS TREATISE 43
REFERENCES 44
Chapter 2 - Municipal Solid Waste 46
2.0 INTRODUCTION 46
2.1 DEFINITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 46
2.2 COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 48
2.3 QUANTITY AND MANAGEMENT 52
2.4 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 72
REFERENCES 82
Chapter 3 - Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Technologies 90
3.1 FUEL RECEIPT AND HANDLING 90
3.2 AVAILABLE COMBUSTION ALTERNATIVES 92
3.3 HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS 118
3.4 IN-PLANT RESIDUE MANAGEMENT 120
REFERENCES 126
Chapter 4 - Air Emission Control Strategies 128
4.0 INTRODUCTION 128
4.1 COMBUSTION CONTROL 128
4.2 POST-COMBUSTION CONTROL 132
4.3 TYPICAL APC INSTALLATIONS 149
REFERENCES 162
Chapter 5 - Regulation of MSW Incinerators 166
5.1 EXISTING MSW INCINERATOR OPERATING GUIDELINES 168
5.2 AIR EMISSION STANDARDS 171
5.3 CURRENT ASH AND RESIDUE DISPOSAL PRACTICES 180
REFERENCES 192
Chapter 6 - Issues Related to Incinerator Ash Sampling 198
6.0 INTRODUCTION 198
6.1 THE CONCEPT OF THE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE 198
6.2 OBJECTIVES OF MATERIAL SAMPLING PROGRAMS 202
6.3 AVAILABLE SAMPLING PROTOCOLS 205
6.4 SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS 206
6.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION RECOMMENDATIONS 219
6.6 EXAMPLES OF SAMPLING STRATEGIES 225
REFERENCES 231
Chapter 7 - Characterisation Methodologies 234
7.1 PHYSICAL TESTING 234
7.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 252
7.3 CHEMICAL SPECIATION METHODS 269
REFERENCES 285
Chapter 8 - Fate of Elements During Incineration 294
8.1 MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE FATE OF ELEMENTS 295
8.2 MASS STREAMS IN A MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR 316
8.3 LITHOPHILIC ELEMENTS 318
8.4 VOLATILE ELEMENTS 327
8.5 CARBON AND SELECTED CARBON COMPOUNDS 343
REFERENCES 357
Chapter 9 - Bottom Ash 370
9.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTTOM ASH 373
9.2 PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND ALKALINITY OF BOTTOM ASH 399
9.3 INORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTTOM ASH 407
9.4 ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTTOM ASH 437
9.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF GRATE SIFTINGS 439
9.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED ASH AND SCRUBBER RESIDUE 440
REFERENCES 444
Chapter 10 - Characteristics of Heat Recovery System Ash 450
10.1 ASH DEPOSITION MECHANISMS 450
10.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 453
10.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 456
REFERENCES 469
Chapter 11 - Characterisation of Air Pollution Control Residues 472
11.1 INTRODUCTION 472
11.2 MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF APC RESIDUES 474
11.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APC RESIDUES 475
11.4 PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY AND MINERALOGY 481
11.5 WATER SOLUBILITY 483
11.6 LOSS ON IGNITION 484
11.7 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 485
11.8 COMPOSITION OF WASTEWATER FROM WET SCRUBBER APC SYSTEMS 507
REFERENCES 509
Chapter 12 - Physical Aspects of Leaching 514
12.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LEACHING 514
12.2 THE SOLID PHASE/LEACHANT/SOLUTE LEACHING SYSTEM 522
12.3 RESIDUE PARTICLES AS A SOLID PHASE 526
12.4 FLUID FLOW, DIFFUSION AND MASS TRANSFER 529
12.5 THE LOCAL EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTION 535
REFERENCES 536
Chapter 13 - Chemical Aspects of Leaching 538
13.1 LEACHING CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS 538
13.2 SOLUTION COMPLEXATION AND SPECIATION 553
13.3 DISSOLUTION/PRECIPITATION REACTIONS 562
13.4 CHEMICAL WEATHERING AND AGING 581
13.5 SORPTION 589
13.6 A UNIFIED APPROACH TO LEACHING 598
REFERENCES 601
Chapter 14 - Leaching Tests 610
14.1 PURPOSE OF LEACHING TESTS 610
14.2 A UNIFIED APPROACH TO LEACHING TESTS 630
REFERENCES 637
Chapter 15 - Leaching Modelling 638
15.1 EQUILIBRIUM MODELS 638
15.2 DYNAMIC MULTICOMPONENT MODELS 659
15.3 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MODELLING 664
REFERENCES 665
Chapter 16 - Leaching Data 668
16.1 INTRODUCTION 668
16.2 TOTAL SOLUBLE FRACTION AND AVAILABILITY OF ELEMENTS 669
16.3 SOLUBILITY AND RELEASE OF ELEMENTS 673
16.4 GEOCHEMICAL MODELLING OF LEACHING EQUILIBRIA 689
16.5 RELEASE RATES OF ELEMENTS 701
16.6 RESIDUE LEACHING IN THE CONTEXT OF REGULATORY LEACHING TESTS AND WASTE FROM OTHER SOURCES 715
16.7 LEACHING OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS 731
16.8 EFFECTS OF INCINERATOR OPERATION ON LEACHING 733
16.9 EFFECTS OF RESIDUE PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT ON LEACHING 744
REFERENCES 759
Chapter 17 - Separation Processes 766
17.1 DEFINITION OF PROCESS 766
17.2 PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 767
17.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 772
REFERENCES 790
Chapter 18 - Solidification & Stabilisation
18.1 DEFINITION OF PROCESS 794
18.2 EFFECTS OF SOLIDIFICATION/STABILISATION 795
18.3 EVALUATION OF SOLIDIFICATION/STABILISATION PROCESSES 798
18.4 REVIEW OF AVAILABLE PROCESSES 807
REFERENCES 819
Chapter 19 - Thermal Treatment 822
19.1 DEFINITIONS 822
19.2 GLASS COMPOSITION AND METALS RETENTION IN GLASS MATRICES 824
19.3 PROCESSING 834
19.4 THERMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES UNDER DEVELOPMENT 834
19.5 VITRIFICATION 836
19.6 FUSION 848
19.7 SINTERING 861
REFERENCES 867
Chapter 20 - Leaching of Products 872
20.1 INTRODUCTION 872
20.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS WHICH EFFECT CONSTITUENT RELEASE 873
20.3 TEST METHODS FOR MONOLITHIC AND COMPACTED GRANULAR PRODUCTS 874
20.4 INTERPRETATION OF DIFFUSION CONTROLLED RELEASE 876
20.5. RELEASE FROM PRODUCTS CONTAINING INCINERATOR RESIDUES 891
20.6 INTEGRATED INTERPRETATION OF pDe AND AVAILABILITY 909
REFERENCES 924
Chapter 21 - Utilisation 926
21.1 INTRODUCTION 926
21.2 CURRENT AND PLANNED PROJECTS 927
21.3 CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 932
21.4 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 945
21.5 UTILISATION LIFE CYCLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 947
REFERENCES 957
Chapter 22 - Disposal 962
22.1 INTRODUCTION 962
22.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF INCINERATOR RESIDUE LANDFILL LEACHATES . 963
22.3 DISPOSAL STRATEGIES 971
22.4 DESIGN AND OPERATIONS ISSUES 981
22.5 DISPOSAL PRACTICES 988
22.6 DISPOSAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INCINERATOR RESIDUES 990
REFERENCES 993
INDEX 996