A Practical Guide for Scholarly Reading in Japanese

Fumiko Nazikian is a senior lecturer in Japanese at Columbia University, USA. Among her recent publications are Social Networking Approach to Japanese Language Teaching: The Intersection of Language and Culture in the Digital Age (co-editor, Routledge, 2021), Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide & Modern Japanese Workbook (co-author, Routledge, 2014), and Hiyaku (coauthor, Routledge, 2011). Keiko Ono is a lecturer in Japanese and classical language specialist at Princeton University, USA. Prior to joining Princeton University in 2000, she taught at Columbia University, the University of Cologne, Germany, and Bukkyo University, Japan. Her current research interests and article publications lie in the teaching of both classical and academic Japanese for non-native speakers. Naofumi Tatsumi is a visiting lecturer of Japanese at Brown University, USA. Prior to joining Brown in 2021, he taught at Illinois Wesleyan University and Columbia University. He has recently been writing a textbook in English collaboratively with four professors from other institutions to broaden cultural awareness of Japan.

Contents

Preface

To the Reader

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: “Toolbox”: Essential Grammar for Scholarly Reading 1

1. Understanding Written Style

2. Finding the Predicate and the Subject

2.1 Finding the Predicate: The Ending of a Sentence

2.2 Finding the Subject

2.2.1 When the Particle が Marks the Subject

2.2.2 When the Particle の Marks the Subject

2.2.3 When the Particle は Marks the Subject

2.2.4 When the Particle も Marks the Subject

2.2.5 Other Particles That Mark the Subject

2.2.6 Cases in Which the Subject is Omitted

3. Separating Sentences Based on Meaning (Chunking)

3.1 Compound Sentences: Listing with the て-Form

3.1.1 Connecting Verbs

3.1.2 Connecting I-adjectives

3.1.3 Connecting Na-adjectives

3.1.4 Connecting Nouns

3.2 The Suspended Form Method (連れんようちゅうしほう用中止法)

3.2.1 Verbs

3.2.2 I-adjectives

3.3 ～し 'what’s more; not only ~ but also.'

3.4 X という Y 'Y called X'

3.4.1 X (Clause) という Y (Noun)

3.4.2 X (Noun) という Y (Noun)

3.5 S1 が、S2 'S1, but / and S2'

3.5.1 BUT / 逆ぎゃくせつ接 (Concessive Connection)

3.5.2 AND / 順じゅんせつ接 (Simple Connection)

3.6 Conditional Expressions 20

3.6.1 S たら, S / N なら, S ば, and S と 'If / When'

3.6.2 Other Often-Used Conditional Expressions, ～場ばあい合 'in case of; in the case (of)' and ～限かぎ

4. Sentence-Ending Expressions

4.1 Explaining a Circumstance のだ/のである/のです

4.2 Rhetorical Questions ～(の)ではないか/だろうか

4.3 Softening of a Claim/Conclusion

4.3.1 ～と思おもう/考かんがえる

4.3.2 ～と思おもわれる/考かんがえられる

5. Defining Expressions X を Y とする 'regard X as Y'

6. Particles

6.1 Compound Particles

6.2 Particle Equivalent Phrases

7. Kanji

7.1 国こくじ字 (Kanji Made in Japan)

7.2 当あ て字じ Chinese Character(s) Used for Its Phonetic Sound

7.3 新しんじたい字体 Simplified Kanji

7.4 同どうけい形異いぎご義語 Japanese-Chinese Homographs

7.5 同どうおん音異いぎご義語 Japanese-Chinese Homophones

8. Classical Japanese Grammar

(for Reading Academic Articles from the Meiji Era Onwards)

8.1 歴れきしてきかなづか史的仮名遣い Historical Kana Orthography

8.2 Inflected Forms

8.3 Verbs

8.4 形けいようし容詞 Adjectives and 形けいようどうし容動詞 Adjectival Verbs

8.4.1 形けいようし容詞 Adjectives (i-adjectives)

8.4.2 形けいようどうし容動詞 Adjectival Verbs (na-adjectives)

8.5 助じょどうし動詞 Auxiliary Verbs

8.5.1 ず Negative

8.5.2 き and けり Recollective

8.5.3 なり and たり Copular/Declarative

8.5.4 たり, り, and ぬ Perfective

8.5.5 べし Advice, Appropriateness, Potential, Intentional, Speculative, and Command

8.5.6 る and らる Passive, Potential, Honorific, and Spontaneous

8.5.7 ごとし Comparative

8.5.8 しむ Causative

8.5.9 む Speculative, Intentional, and Circumlocution

8.5.10 まい Negative Speculative and Negative Intentional

8.6 Conjunctive Particles

8.6.1 ば Hypothetical / Logical Connections

8.6.2 とも, ど, ども, and も Concessive Connections

8.6.3 に and を Causal, Concessive, and Simple Connections

8.6.4 して Causal, Concessive, and Simple Connections

8.7 連れん体たい形けい Attributive Form + Particle

9. The Influence of Chinese Texts in Japanese

9.1 Expressions Used for Japanese Readings

9.1.1 Causative Expressions

9.1.2 所ところ

9.2 漢かんご語 Verbification, Adjectivization, and Adverbization

Chapter 2 Section 1: What Are Modifiers?

(Mechanisms of Modifying Sentences in Japanese)

1.1 Modifying Nouns

1.2 The Particle は

1.3 The て-Form as a Conjunction

1.4 Subordinate Clauses: Clauses with Conjunctive Particles

1.4.1 Concessive のに

1.4.2 Reason Clause から

1.4.3 Conjunctive Particle し ‘(and) what is more’

2. Summary

3. Exercises

Chapter 2 Section 2: 中国史の時代区分問題をめぐって̶現時点からの省察̶

Chapter 2 Section 3: 中国古典詩のリズム̶リズムの根源性と詩型の変遷̶

Chapter 2 Section 4: 封建制度と家族道徳

Chapter 2 Section 5: 槪括的唐宋時代觀

Chapter 2 Section 6: 格調・神韻・性靈の三詩說を論ず

Chapter 2 Section 7: 兩漢文學考

Chapter 2 Section 8: 文人畫の原理

練習問題回答 Answers

Bibliography

Index Chapter 1

Index (Expressions)

Auxiliary Verb Conjugations