Trace Elements in Igneous Petrology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Trace Elements in Igneous Petrology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 8
CHAPTER 1. QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF TRACE ELEMENT BEHAVIOR IN MAGMATIC PROCESSES 14
1. Introduction 14
2. Historical developments 15
3. Quantitative models for trace elements 17
4. Partition coefficients 26
5. Process identification 28
6. Parameter determination and inverse-problem solution 30
7. Conclusions 33
Acknowledgements 34
References 34
CHAPTER 2. THE APPLICATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS TO THE PETROGENESIS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS OF GRANITIC COMPOSITION 39
1. Introduction 39
2. Use of mineral/melt distribution coefficients in petrogenesis 40
3. Residual minerals in granitic melts 44
4. Trace element modeling 47
5. Late-stage residual fluids 49
6. Examples of petrogenetic interpretations for granitic rocks 50
7. Geodynamics and tectonic setting 54
Acknowledgements 55
References 55
CHAPTER 3. AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL ISOTOPIC EQUILIBRIUM IN THE MANTLE 57
1. Introduction 57
2. The scale of isotopic disequilibrium 59
3. Evidence based on analytical data from volcanic rocks 60
4. Limits on the phlogopite and potassium content of the mantle 62
5. Phlogopite stability 63
6. Evidence derived from time constraints 64
7. Fractional crystallization 65
8. Evidence for mineral disequilibrium 66
9. Application of kinetic data 67
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
CHAPTER 4. ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONOF LEAD IN OCEANIC BASALT AND ITS IMPLICATION TO MANTLE EVOLUTION 76
1. Introduction 76
2. Background for lead isotope tracer studies 77
3. Uranium, thorium, and lead concentrations in basalts 79
4. Seawater alteration 83
5. Lead in basalts from the island of Hawaii 84
6. Thorium-uranium-Iead systematics of basalts from Reykjanes Ridge 88
7. Lead isotopic compositions in abyssal basalts 90
8. Disequilibrium partial melting 92
9. Mantle evolution model 92
10. Conclusions 97
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
CHAPTER 5. STRONTIUM ISOTOPES IN BASALTS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN BASIN 101
1. Introduction 101
2. Data and discussion 101
3. Conclusions 106
References 106
CHAPTER 6. TRACE ELEMENTS IN OCEAN RIDGE BASALTS 108
1. Introduction 108
2. Commonly assumed petrologic constraints 110
3. Trace elements in ocean ridge basalts 112
4. Variations in ocean ridge basalt chemistry 119
5. Comparison of ocean ridge basalts with other terrestrial basalts: large ion lithophile elements 120
6. Conclusions 124
Acknowledgements 124
References 124
CHAPTER 7. FACTORS CONTROLLING THE NOBLE GAS ABUNDANCE PATTERNS OF DEEP-SEA BASALTS 130
1. Introduction 130
2. Physical processes affecting noble gas composition 131
3. Applications to noble gas measurements of glassy deep-sea basalts 137
4. Conclusions 140
Acknowledgements 140
References 140
CHAPTER 8. ULTRAMAFIC INCLUSIONS FROM SAN CARLOS, ARIZONA: PETROLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL DATA BEARING ON THEIR PETROGENESIS 142
1. Introduction 142
2. Basanites 146
3. Group I inclusions 148
4. Group II inclusions 171
5. Transitional inclusions 183
6. Summary of inclusions 183
Acknowledgements 186
References 186
CHAPTER 9. OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPE STUDIES OF PLUTONIC GRANITIC ROCKS 190
1. Introduction 190
2. Isotopically normal granitic rocks 191
3. Interactions between meteoric groundwaters and igneous intrusions 195
4. Cordilleran batholiths of western North America 203
5. High-18O granitic rocks 212
6. Conclusions 219
Acknowledgements 220
References 220
CHAPTER 10. EARLY ARCHAEAN ROCKS AND GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST 224
1. Introduction 224
2. Occurrence of Early Archaean crustal remnants 225
3. The geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archaean rocks 230
4. Composition of Archaean mantle 244
5. Concluding remarks 245
Acknowledgements 246
References 246
CHAPTER 11. LEAD ISOTOPES IN ARCHAEAN PLUTONIC ROCKS 250
1. Introduction 250
2. Africa 252
3. Greenland 254
4. North America 255
5. Australia 257
6. Summary and conclusions 259
References 260
CHAPTER 12. TRACE ELEMENTS AND ANORTHOSITE GENESIS 262
1. Introduction 262
2. Strontium and barium in plagioclase 265
3. Potassium and rubidium 270
4. Rare earth elements 273
5. Transition elements 276
6. Strontium isotopic composition 278
7. Oxygen isotopic composition 281
8. General conclusions 281
Acknowledgements 283
References 283