Research on the Nature of Mineral-Forming Solutions (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Research on the Nature of Mineral-Forming Solutions 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PART I: STUDIES OF MINERAL-FORMING SOLUTIONS 6
EDITOR'S PREFACE 12
CHAPTER 1. DESCRIPTION AND NATURAL CLASSIFICATION OF INCLUSIONS IN MINERALS 14
Classification of inclusions according to their composition and state 14
Solid inclusions in minerals and their genetic significance 19
Solidified inclusions in minerals 21
Gaseous inclusions 26
Liquid inclusions 27
CHAPTER 2. ORIGIN AND GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS INCLUSIONSIN MINERALS 35
Primary inclusions 37
Pseudo-secondary inclusions 40
Secondary inclusions 43
CHAPTER 3. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF HOMOGENIZATION OF LIQUID INCLUSIONS BY HEAT 47
Basic principle of the method 47
The problem of hermetic sealing of inclusions 50
Variations in volume of vacuoles containing inclusions 52
Composition and concentration of substances in liquid inclusions and methods of their study 60
Effects of pressure on estimation of temperatures and possibilities of taking such effects into account 72
Determination of the nature of inclusions and the means of their recognition 81
The author's method and experimental procedure† 95
Sources of error in thermometric analyses 101
CHAPTER 4. SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS OF STUDY OF INCLUSIONS 105
The calculation method 105
The "visual method" (method of empirical curves) 113
Decrepitation method 129
Defects and limitations of the methods of thermometric studies of inclusions 137
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS BY ORDINARY PROCEDURES EMPLOYED IN THE HOMOGENIZATION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE TEMPERATURES 140
CHAPTER 6. METHODS OF THERMOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF MINERALS AND OF MINERAL DEPOSITS AND RESULTS OF THEIR APPLICATIONS 150
General principles of the methods 150
Results of thermometric analysis of individual crystals 153
Thermometric studies of some mineral deposits 195
CHAPTER 7. METHODS AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON STATE OF AGGREGATION OF MINERAL-FORMING SOLUTIONS 240
Essence and significance of the methods 240
The course of homogenization of inclusions in topaz 242
The course of homogenization of inclusions in quartz 263
The course of homogenization of inclusions in beryl and tourmaline 270
The course of homogenization of mixed inclusions of aqueous solution and carbon dioxide 277
Variations in the course of homogenization of inclusions in different growth zones of crystals 281
Theoretical consideration of types and species of homogenization of inclusions in minerals 287
In reference to the possibility of differentiating between products of pneumatolysis and products of hydrothermal and cold solutions in mineral deposits 295
CHAPTER 8. SCHEMATIC PATTERN OF PRINCIPAL STAGES AND SUBSTAGES IN HYPOGENE FORMATION OF MINERALS 300
CHAPTER 9. SCIENTIFIC PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE AND PERSPECTIVES OF INVESTIGATIONS OF INCLUSIONS IN MINERALS 319
BIBLIOGRAPHY TO PART I 327
INCLUSIONS OF MINERAL-FORMING MEDIA 336
PART II: TRANSACTIONS OF THE ALL-UNION RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PIEZO-OPTICAL MINERAL RAW MATERIALS 358
Contents of Part II 360
Foreword 362
Chapter 1. Significance of Research on Inclusions in Minerals for the Theory of Ore-formation and for the Principles of Mineral-forming Media 366
I. LINES OF RESEARCH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY OF ORE-FORMATION 366
II. UTILIZATION OF INCLUSIONS IN RECOGNITION OF GENESIS OF MINERALS AND OF ENDOGENIC DEPOSITS 369
III. IMPORTANCE OF MINERALOTHERMOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND OF DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE TEMPERATURES OF MINERAL GENESIS BY INCLUSIONS OF LIQUID SOLUTIONS 379
IV. REMARKS ON ACTION OF MINERAL-FORMING SOLUTIONS IN TIME AND IN SPACE 385
BIBLIOGRAPHY 390
Chapter 2. 
391 
COMPOSITION AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS 392
THE STATE OF AGGREGATION OF THE SOLUTIONS 397
TEMPERATURE REGIME OF SOLUTIONS 398
SOME DATA ON PRESSURE 401
BIBLIOGRAPHY 401
Chapter 3. On the Possibility of Ascertaining the True Temperatures of Mineral-forming Solutions 404
BIBLIOGRAPHY 415
Chapter 4. 
417 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 426
Chapter 5. Thermometric Investigations of Liquid Inclusions in Synthetic Quartz 427
Chapter 6. Application of Mineralothermometric Analysis in Studies of the Origins of Certain Gold Ore Deposits in Ural 435
I. BEREZOVSKOYE 435
II. KOCHKARSKOYE 452
BIBLIOGRAPHY 465
Chapter 7. Mineralothermometric Research at the Tyrny-Auz Skarn-ore Complex, North Caucasus 467
(1) INCLUSIONS IN MINERALS OF MAGMATIC ROCKS 470
(2) INCLUSIONS OF MINERAL-FORMING SOLUTIONS IN SKARN MINERALS 470
BIBLIOGRAPHY 497
Chapter 8. Results of Mineralothermometric Studies of Certain Crystals of Morion* from Volynia 499
GIANT CRYSTAL No. 1 500
CRYSTAL No. 2 501
CRYSTAL No. 3 502
CRYSTAL No. 4 504
CRYSTAL No. 5B 505
CRYSTAL No. 6A 506
LARGE CRYSTAL No. 7 508
CRYSTALS Nos. 8 and 9 509
CRYSTAL No. 10 510
Chapter 9. Certain Genetic Features of the Kurumkan Deposit Ascertained by Means of Mineralothermometric Analysis 513
BIBLIOGRAPHY 518
Chapter 10. Genetic Relation of Quartz Veins in the Barsukchi Deposit and Granitic Intrusions as Indicated by Inclusions in Minerals 519
1. INCLUSIONS IN GRAINS OF QUARTZITE 520
2. INCLUSIONS IN VEIN QUARTZ 522
3. INCLUSIONS IN CRYSTAL QUARTZ 524
BIBLIOGRAPHY 529
Chapter 11. Inclusions in Reticulate Quartz of Volynian Pegmatites and the Results of Thermosonic Analysis 530
Chapter 12. Influence of Liquid and Gaseous Inclusions on Magnitudes of Losses on Ignition of Minerals 535
BIBLIOGRAPHY 539
Chapter 13. On the Morphology of Liquid Inclusions in Crystals of Quartz from Pamir 540
BIBLIOGRAPHY 544
Session 1: 
545 
Chapter 14. On the Composition of Liquid Inclusions of Quartz Crystals from Southern Ural 545
BIBLIOGRAPHY 549
Chapter 15. On the Problem of Fissure Healing in Synthetic Quartz Crystals 551
BIBLIOGRAPHY 554
Chapter 16. On Inclusions in Gypsum from the Hydrothermal Deposit of Alaverdy 555
BIBLIOGRAPHY 558
Chapter 17. Thermometric Investigations of Inclusions in a Zoned Quartz Crystal from Pamir 559
Chapter 18. A Note on Crystal Quartz from Aktas I Deposit, Kazakhstan 562
Session 2: 
564 
Chapter 19. Inclusions of Mother Liquors in Minerals and Their Significance in Theory and Practice 564
(1) Inclusions of melts and solutions—a sensitive geologic witness of physico-chemical environments of former processes of mineral genesis 564
(2) Taking account of solutions included in crystals is essential in descriptive mineralogy 564
(3) Analyses of natural included systems yield direct information on composition, concentration, and pH of mineral-forming solutions that were operative in the geologic past 565
(4) Syngenetic inclusions of carbon dioxide and of dilute aqueous solutions make it possible, in certain cases, to make appraisals of pressures during endogenic mineral genesis 565
(5) Mineral thermometric analysis as the means of ascertaining the course of the temperature variations during growth of individual crystals and the temperature regime of formation of hydrothermal deposits 565
(6) Ascertaining the state of aggregation of the solutions effective in the geologic past as the means of deciphering processes in the formation of complex polygenic deposits 566
(7) Investigations of inclusions may be conducive occasionally to ascertaining relationships between endogenic ore-deposition and intrusive activities 566
(8) Comparisons of primary and pseudo-secondary inclusions in ore-vein minerals with secondary inclusions in minerals of host rocks opens the possibility of a coordination of the near-ore alterations with the vein-filling processes 566
(9) Investigations of inclusions in differentiated pegmatites of the chamber type offer the possibility of tracing the intricate process of their development, from the sub-stage of the residual magma solutions to the excretion of the tepid-water hydrothermal solutions 567
(10) Mineral thermometric and thermosonic analyses of inclusions in minerals provide a foundation for new methods of prospecting in soil covered flat terrains 567
PART III: TRANSACTIONS OF THE ALL-UNION RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PIEZO-OPTICAL MINERAL RAW MATERIALS 568
Editorial Board 569
Contents of Part III 570
Chapter 1. The Homogenization Curves in Mineralogical Thermometry and their Construction 574
BIBLIOGRAPHY 586
Chapter 2. Studies of the Decrepitation of Quartz and the Universal Decrepitation Amplifier-Recorder 587
BIBLIOGRAPHY 600
Chapter 3. 
602 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 612
Chapter 4. An Improved Thermochamber for the Analysis of Liquid Inclusions 613
BIBLIOGRAPHY 617
Chapter 5. Thermometric Investigations of Vein Quartz and Crystal Quartz from Quartz Veins of the Dzhezkazgan–Ulutau District 618
CONCLUSIONS 624
BIBLIOGRAPHY 626
Chapter 6. An Experiment in Studies of Liquid Inclusions in Iceland Spar from Deposits in the Siberian Platform 627
BIBLIOGRAPHY 636
Chapter 7. 
637 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 637
CLASSIFICATION OF INCLUSIONS AND CERTAIN FEATURES IN THEIR FORMATION 638
ON UTILIZATION OF INCLUSIONS IN TOURMALINES IN MINERAL THERMOMETRIC ANALYSIS 644
BIBLIOGRAPHY 645
Chapter 8. Homogenization Temperatures of Inclusions in Crystal Quartz from the Ol' gino Deposit, the Far East 646
BIBLIOGRAPHY 650
Chapter 9. Thermometry and Composition of Liquid Inclusions in Crystal Quartz from Deposits in Dagestan Highlands 651
BIBLIOGRAPHY 657
Chapter 10. On the Subject of Variation in Physico-Chemical Factors of Equilibrium During Mineral Genesis in the Fluorite Deposit at Aurakhmat 658
GENERAL INFORMATION 658
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPERATURE REGIME IN THE FORMATION OF THE DEPOSIT 660
COMPOSITION OF SALTS AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS 664
CHANGES IN THE pH DURING THE ORE-FORMING PROCESS 665
PRESSURES IN THE ORE-FORMING PROCESS 666
ON THE SUBJECT OF VARIATIONS IN THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS OF EQUILIBRIUM IN THE COURSE OF THE ORE-FORMING PROCESS 668
BIBLIOGRAPHY 671
Chapter 11. Special Features of the Origin of the Lebedinoye Gold-Ore Deposit Ascertained on the Basis of Inclusions in Minerals 673
BIBLIOGRAPHY 685
Chapter 12. Certain Features of the Origin of the Kara-Oba Deposit Discovered with the Aid of Microthermometric Analysis 686
Chapter 13. Inclusions of Solution at the Boundary between the Seed and the Overgrowing Layers in Synthetic Quartz Crystals 692
BIBLIOGRAPHY 698
Chapter 14. In Reference to Hermetic Sealing of Liquid Inclusions 699
BIBLIOGRAPHY 704
Chapter 15. Investigations of Chemical Composition of Inclusions in Fluorite by the Ultra-micromethod 705
BIBLIOGRAPHY 707
Session 1. 
708 
Chapter 16. Xenogenic and Artificial Liquid Inclusions in Synthetic Quartz 708
Chapter 17. Some Data on Thermometry of Optical Fluorite from the Magadan Territory 714
Chapter 18. A Typical Case of Expressions of Primary and Secondary Inclusions in Quartz 717
Index to Plates 722
Index 726
OTHER TITLES IN THE SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS IN EARTH SCIENCES 758