Algal and Fungal Toxins (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Algal and Fungal Toxins 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Preface 12
Contents of Other Volumes 14
SECTION A: ALGAL TOXINS 22
CHAPTER 1. 
24 
I. Introduction 24
II. Distribution of Poisonous Dinoflagellates 25
III. Paralytic Shellfish Poison and Its Source in the Dinoflagellates 29
IV. Other Types of Poisons from Dinoflagellates 40
V. Culturing of Dinoflagellates as a Source of Poison 41
VI. Physiological Action of Shellfish and Dinoflagellate Poisons 43
REFERENCES 44
CHAPTER 2. Blue-Green and Green Algal Toxins 48
I. Introduction 48
II. Isolation and Culture 50
III. Toxic Blue-Green Algae 53
IV. Toxic Freshwater Dinoflagellate 64
V. Pharmacology of Blue-Green Algal Toxins 67
VI. Ecological Problems of Algal Blooms 71
VII. Conclusion 80
VIII. Note Added in Proof — Probable Structure of Anabaena-VFDF 84
REFERENCES 84
CHAPTER 3. Toxins of Chrysophyceae 88
I. Introduction 88
II. Chemical and Physical Properties of Prymnesium Toxin 90
III. Biological Activities of Prymnesium Toxin 99
IV. Biosynthesis of Prymnesium Toxin 116
V. Control of Prymnesium and Detection of Toxin in Nature 120
VI. Other Toxic Chrysophyceae 121
REFERENCES 122
SECTION B: FUNGAL TOXINS, TOXINS OF Fusarium 126
CHAPTER 4. 
128 
I. Introduction 128
II. Chemical Properties and Synthesis 134
III. Biosynthesis and Biochemistry 141
IV. Biological Activity 149
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 158
REFERENCES 158
CHAPTER 5. 
160 
I. History 160
II. Epidemiology 162
III. Etiology 164
IV. Effect of Fusarium Toxins in Animals 197
V. Clinical Characteristics of Alimentary Toxic Aleukia 203
VI. Pathological Findings 206
VII. Prophylaxis and Treatment 208
REFERENCES 208
CHAPTER 6. Toxin-Producing Fungi from Fescue Pasture 212
I. Introduction 212
II. Mycotoxins and Fescue Foot 213
III. Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium tricinctum NRRL 3249 216
IV. Fusarium Toxins and Fescue Toxicity 223
REFERENCES 226
CHAPTER 7. 
228 
I. General Description 228
II. Discovery 234
III. Mold Growth and Production and Isolation of Trichothecenes 235
IV. Chemistry 239
V. Biological Activity 273
VI. Assay of Trichothecenes 290
VII. Metabolism and Biosynthesis 302
VIII. Discussion 305
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 310
REFERENCES 310
CHAPTER 8. 
314 
I. Introduction 314
II. Chemistry of Scirpene Toxic Substances of Fusarium nivale 318
III. Biological Effects 322
REFERENCES 335
SECTION C 338
CHAPTER 9. Rhizoctonia Toxin 340
I. Introduction 340
II. Isolation of Salivation Factor 342
III. Chemistry of Slaframine 344
IV. Biosynthesis of Slaframine 348
V. Physiological Studies 350
VI. Summary 353
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 353
REFERENCES 353
SECTION D 356
CHAPTER 10. The Toxicology of Sporidesmins and Other Epipolythiadioxopiperazines 358
I. Introduction 358
II. Production of Epipolythiadioxopiperazines 359
III. Chemistry of Epipolythiadioxopiperazines 367
IV. Toxicity of Epidithiadioxopiperazines 381
V. Mammalian Toxicity of Epidithiadioxopiperazines 388
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 392
REFERENCES 392
Author Index 398
Subject Index 412