Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 4
Preface 8
Chapter 1. Shape and Microdynamics of Ice Particles and Their Effects in Cirrus Clouds 10
1. Ice Particles in the Atmosphere 10
2. Mathematical Descriptions of Ice Particle Size and Shape 16
3. Hydrodynamics of Ice Particles 52
4. Vapor Diffusion, Ventilation, and Collisional Efficiencies of Ice Crystals 118
5. Scavenging and Transportation of Aerosol Particles by Ice Crystals in Clouds 161
6. Evolution of Ice Crystals in the Development of Cirrus Clouds 206
Appendix A. Area of an Axial Cross Section 255
Appendix B. Calculation of Volume 257
Appendix C. Closed-Form Expression of the Conical Volume 258
References 261
Chapter 2. Mapping Spatial Variability of the Frequency–Magnitude Distribution of Earthquakes 268
1. Introduction 268
2. Data Requirements 270
3. Methods 278
4. Case Studies of Mapping the b-Value in Various Tectonic Regimes 280
5. Changes of b-Values as a Function of Time 293
6. Fractal Dimension and b-Value 295
7. The Physical Processes Perturbing b-Values 296
8. Common Problems and Complications 297
9. New Hypotheses and Preliminary Conclusions 300
10. Outlook and Future Work 302
Appendix A. Frequently Asked Questions 303
A.1 Should One Use Samples with Constant Numbers Rather Than with Constant Radius? 303
A.2 Why Do We Map b-Values and Not Mean Magnitude? 304
A.3 Should the Catalog Be Declustered? 304
A.4 What Is the Influence of Location Errors? 305
A.5 What Software Do You Use? 305
Acknowledgments 305
References 305
Index 312