Understanding Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Acknowledgements 10
Glossary 12
1 Introduction to Mobile Human–Computer Interaction 14
BACKGROUND 14
INTRODUCTION 15
WHAT IS HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTION? 15
DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN MOBILE HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTION 16
Psychology 17
Computer Science 17
Sociology 18
Design 18
Information systems 19
Know Thy User 19
MOBILE DEVICES 19
Mobile phones 20
Personal digital assistants 21
Laptops 22
Hybrid devices 22
Network accessibility 23
STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 24
REFERENCES 26
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 26
2 User Characteristics 28
INTRODUCTION 28
SPATIAL ABILITY 28
PERSONALITY 30
MEMORY 33
VERBAL ABILITY 34
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE 36
OLDER USERS 36
SUMMARY 41
REFERENCES 42
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 44
3 Research Methods 46
INTRODUCTION 46
SETTINGS FOR YOUR STUDY 46
Laboratory settings 47
Field experiment 47
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES 48
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 48
Repeated measures design 49
Independent samples design 49
Matched-pairs design 50
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY 50
HYPOTHESES TESTING 51
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 52
Biased sample 52
Random samples 52
Stratified sampling 53
Quota sampling 53
Cluster samples 53
Opportunity samples 54
SAMPLE SIZE 54
DATA COLLECTION METHODS 55
Questionnaire design 55
Scaler questionnaires 55
Semantic differential scale 58
Issues to be aware of in scaler questionnaire design 59
PERFORMANCE MEASURES 60
Task completion times 61
Errors 61
Interrupts 61
Silences 62
Retention 63
Observation 63
Audiotape recording 64
Videotape recording 64
Coding form 65
INTERVIEWS 67
Informal interviews 67
Semi-formal interview 68
Semi-structured interview 68
Structured interviews 69
Diary study 71
Triangulation 73
SUMMARY 73
REFERENCES 74
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 75
4 HCI Research Methods 76
INTRODUCTION 76
VERBAL PROTOCOLS 76
Think aloud protocol 77
HEURISTICS 78
COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH 81
SUMMARY 84
REFERENCES 86
FURTHER READING 86
5 Design Issues for Mobile Systems 88
INTRODUCTION 88
HUMAN-CENTRED DESIGN 88
Understand and specify the context of use 89
Specify user and organisational requirements 90
Produce design solutions 91
Evaluation 92
PRINCIPLES OF INTERFACE DESIGN FOR MOBILE SYSTEMS 93
Context of use 94
Consistency and learnability 94
Flexibility 95
System feedback and support 95
MOBILE INTERACTION STYLES 96
Text entry 96
Speech input 97
Speaker-dependent 97
Speaker-independent 97
Menu issues for automated mobile phone services 98
Conversational interfaces 99
Earcons 99
Metaphors 100
USER-CENTRED REQUIREMENT GATHERING TECHNIQUES 102
Card Sorting 102
Sketching 104
Brainstorming 104
PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUES 104
Paper and pencil prototyping 105
Emulators 105
Wizard of Oz prototyping 106
SUMMARY 108
REFERENCES 109
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 111
6 Social Usability 112
INTRODUCTION 112
SOCIAL IMPACT OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY 112
Public performance 113
Ethnography 114
Psychological perspective 115
Mobile workers 118
SUMMARY 120
REFERENCES 122
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 124
7 Research Guidelines for Projects 126
INTRODUCTION 126
CHOOSING A TOPIC FOR STUDY 126
Literature search 127
Project description 129
Choosing appropriate methods for your study 129
Requirements gathering 129
Prototype design methods 132
Evaluation methods 132
Project plan 132
Project management 133
Problems with your project 134
Ethical HCI research 134
Analysis of data 137
Writing up your report 137
Tips on report writing 137
Title 137
Abstract 138
Introduction 138
Method 138
Participants 139
Materials 139
Procedure 140
Results 141
Discussion 142
Conclusions 143
Appendices 144
Reference list 144
OVERALL WRITING AND PRESENTATION STYLE 146
SUMMARY 146
REFERENCES 147
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 148
8 Data Analysis 150
INTRODUCTION 150
WHY DO YOU NEED STATISTICS? 150
Describing data: numerically 151
Measures of central tendency 151
Describing data: tables and diagrams 155
Types of measurement 157
Numerical measurement 157
Category measurement 157
Parametric and non-parametric statistics 158
TESTING FOR DIFFERENCES 160
Related t-test 160
Unrelated t-test 162
Wilcoxon signed-ranks test 165
Mann-Whitney U-test 167
CORRELATIONS 170
Pearson’s Product–Moment Correlation 171
Spearman’s Rho 173
ANALYSING CATEGORICAL DATA 176
CHI-square test 176
Content analysis 179
SUMMARY 181
REFERENCES 183
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 183
9 Conclusions 184
INTRODUCTION 184
3G TECHNOLOGY 184
Location-based services 186
Research methods 187
Education 188
Healthcare 190
Personalisation 190
SUMMARY 191
REFERENCES 192
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 193
References 194
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 200
Appendix A: Critical Value Tables 202
Appendix B: What Test shall I Use? 210
Appendix C: Useful HCI Resources 212
JOURNALS 213
Conference Proceedings 213
INTERNET 213
Index 214
A 214
B 214
C 214
D 214
E 214
H 214
I 215
K 215
L 215
M 215
N 215
O 215
P 215
Q 216
R 216
S 216
T 216
U 216
V 216
W 216