Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Part I: Oscillatory Spatiotemporal Signal Detection in Climate Studies: A Multiple-Taper Spectral Domain Approach 10
Chapter 1. Introduction 10
1.1 Motivation and Overview 10
1.2 Signal and Noise in Climate Data: Dynamical Mechanisms 12
Chapter 2. Traditional Methods of Oscillatory Climate Signal Detection 15
2.1 Signal and Noise Assumptions: A Synthetic Data Set 16
2.2 Conventional Approaches to Signal Detection 26
Chapter 3. MTM-SVD Multivariate Frequency-Domain Climate Signal Detection and Reconstruction 39
3.1 Signal Detection 40
3.2 Signal Reconstruction 43
3.3 Testing the Null Hypothesis: Significance Estimation 45
3.4 Application to Synthetic Data Set 50
3.5 Effects of Sampling Inhomogeneities 54
Chapter 4. Applications of MTM-SVD Approach to Observational and Model Climate Data 58
4.1 Global Temperature Data 60
4.2 Northern Hemisphere Joint Surface Temperature and Sea-Level Pressure Data 81
4.3 Long-Term Multiproxy Temperature Data 110
4.4 Seasonal Cycle: Observations vs CO2-Forced Model Simulations 120
Chapter 5. Conclusion 130
Acknowledgments 131
References 132
Part II: Numerical Models of Crustal Deformation in Seismic Zones 142
Chapter 1. Introduction 142
1.1 Elastic Half-Space Model of the Earthquake Cycle for an Infinitely Long Strike-Slip Fault: An Illustrative Model 146
Chapter 2. Coseismic Deformation 148
2.1 Elastic Dislocation Theory 148
2.2 Early Applications of Dislocation Theory 154
2.3 Extensions beyond the Uniform Elastic Half-Space Model 161
2.4 The Finite-Element Method 167
Chapter 3. Time-Dependent Effects 171
3.1 Deep Fault Creep 171
3.2 Viscoelastic Flow 172
3.3 Kinematic Models of the Entire Earthquake Cycle 187
3.4 Other Issues 198
Chapter 4. Crustal Deformation near Specific Faults 213
4.1 Nankai Subduction Zone, Japan 213
4.2 Eastern Aleutian Subduction Zone, Southcentral Alaska 219
4.3 San Andreas Transform Fault System, California 223
Chapter 5. Epilogue 226
Acknowledgments 227
Appendix 227
References 231
Index 242