Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Mental Representations of Social Values 12
1. Overview 13
2. Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Values 14
3. Moving to Values as Mental Representations 19
4. The System Level 22
4.1. The accessibility of values from memory 22
4.2. Judgments of values in rhetoric 23
4.3. Effects of values on feelings of ambivalence 25
4.4. Effects of value priming 26
4.5. Value change 28
4.6. Summary of the system level 29
5. The (Abstract) Value Level 30
5.1. The primacy of affect in values: Values as truisms 30
5.2. The component facilitation test 32
5.3. Values as self-guides: Dejection versus agitation 33
5.4. Summary of the value level 34
6. The Instantiation Level 35
6.1. Effects of value elaboration 36
6.2. The effects of typicality 38
6.3. Summary of the instantiation level 40
7. New Horizons 41
7.1. Cross-cultural differences 41
7.2. Methods of value measurement 42
7.3. Values, goals, attitudes, and traits 43
7.4. Values and the self 45
7.5. Values and moral judgment 45
8. Coda 47
Acknowledgments 47
References 47
Chapter 2: An Interpersonal Approach to Emotion in Social Decision Making: The Emotions as Social Information Model 56
1. Concerns with Past Research and Aims of the Present Article 58
2. The Structure and (Perceived) Nature of Social Decision Making 60
3. Sense-Making and the Signaling Functions of Discrete Emotions 62
4. The EASI Model 63
4.1. Inferential processes: Distilling information from others’ emotions 64
4.2. Affective reactions: Emotional contagion, affect infusion, and mood management 65
4.3. Dual functions: Inferential processes and affective reactions 66
4.4. Differential responses to discrete emotions in cooperative versus competitive settings 67
4.5. Epistemic motivation and the processing of emotional information 73
4.6. Summary of model and propositions 74
5. The Interpersonal Effects of Emotions in Cooperative Situations 75
5.1. Signs of opportunity and affiliation (e.g., happiness) facilitate cooperation 75
5.2. Signs of dominance and aggression (e.g., anger) undermine cooperation 76
5.3. Signs of supplication (e.g., sadness, distress, disappointment) invite cooperation 79
5.4. Signs of appeasement (e.g., guilt, regret, embarrassment) decrease competition 80
5.5. Emerging patterns in cooperative settings 81
6. The Interpersonal Effects of Emotions in Competitive Situations 82
6.1. Signs of opportunity and affiliation (e.g., happiness) invite competition 83
6.2. Signs of dominance and aggression (e.g., anger) induce cooperation 84
6.3. Signs of supplication (e.g., sadness, distress, disappointment) are ignored 87
6.4. Signs of appeasement (e.g., guilt, regret, embarrassment) invite competition 88
6.5. Emerging patterns in competitive settings 88
7. Theoretical Implications 90
7.1. The importance of putting emotion into context 90
7.2. Why do we have emotions? Insights from the interpersonal approach 92
7.3. Not all emotions are created equal: The promise of studying discrete emotions 93
8. Avenues for Future Research 94
8.1. Emotional intelligence: Recognition and regulation 94
8.2. Why are you angry? Integral versus incidental emotions 95
8.3. Mixed emotions: Blends and contrasts 95
8.4. Moving away: When do emotional expressions lead a target to "eave the field? 96
9. Conclusion 97
Acknowledgments 98
References 98
Chapter 3: On Passion for Life Activities: The Dualistic Model of Passion 108
1. On Passion for Life Activities: The Dualistic Model of Passion 110
2. On the Psychology of Passion 111
2.1. Definitional elements of passion 111
2.2. On the duality of passion 111
2.3. The DMP 112
2.4. Passion and related constructs 115
3. Initial Research on the Concept of Passion 117
4. On the Development of Passion 120
4.1. On the initial development of passion 120
4.2. On the on-going development of passion 125
5. Passion and Intrapersonal Outcomes 130
5.1. Passion and cognitive processes 130
5.2. Passion and affect 133
5.3. Passion and psychological well-being 137
5.4. Passion and addictive behaviors 144
5.5. Passion and physical health 146
5.6. Passion and performance 150
6. Passion and Interpersonal, Intergroup, and Societal Outcomes 154
6.1. Passion and quality of interpersonal relationships 154
6.2. Passion and intergroup outcomes 161
6.3. Passion for a cause: Seeking societal changes 163
7. Integrative Research 166
7.1. Social determinants, passion, and outcomes 166
7.2. Personal determinants, passion, and outcomes 168
8. Passionate Functioning Under Different Situations 173
8.1. Subjective well-being following irremediable success and failure 173
8.2. When failing can be prevented by attacking the threat source 180
8.3. Performance following the reception of positive or negative self-relevant information 183
9. Future Research Issues 188
9.1. More on the development of passion 188
9.2. Is harmonious passion all that good and obsessive passion all that bad? 192
9.3. Are nonpassionate individuals doomed? 193
9.4. On letting go: When the time has come to end engagement in the passionate activity 194
10. Summary and Conclusion 194
Acknowledgments 195
References 196
Chapter 4: Good News! Capitalizing on Positive Events in an Interpersonal Context 206
1. Introduction 209
1.1. Sharing positive events 209
1.2. Positive and negative processes 211
1.3. The capitalization process as a novel research area 215
2. A Theoretical Model of Capitalization Processes 216
2.1. Positive events influence individual well-being 217
2.2. Positive events and positive affect 217
2.3. Positive events and the self-concept 218
2.4. Partner responses to capitalization attempts and the self 219
2.5. Partner responses to capitalization attempts and close relationships 221
2.6. A model of the capitalization process 223
3. Sharing Positive Events 225
3.1. What types of events are shared and with whom? 225
3.2. Sharing events with close others 227
3.3. Perceptions of reactions: Does reality matter? 227
3.4. Reactions to capitalization attempts 228
4. Capitalization Processes and Intrapersonal Outcomes 233
4.1. Mechanisms 236
4.2. Coping with good news 240
5. Capitalization Processes and Interpersonal Outcomes 241
5.1. Actual behavior 244
5.2. Experimental studies 245
5.3. Mechanisms 247
6. The Nature of Beneficial Responses to Capitalization Attempts 250
6.1. The heart of perceived responsiveness 250
6.2. Ambivalence 251
6.3. Other factors influencing responses to capitalization attempts 253
6.4. Bidirectionality: Iterative capitalization processes in close relationships 255
7. Summary and Conclusions 256
7.1. Directions for future research 256
7.2. Conclusion 258
References 258
Chapter 5: Indirect Prime-to-Behavior Effects: The Role of Perceptions of the Self, Others, and Situations in Connecting Primed Constructs to Social Behavior 270
1. Direct Accounts of Prime-to-Behavior Effects 272
2. A Self-Perception Account of Prime-to-Behavior Effects 275
2.1. Effect of primes on self-perceptions and behavior 275
2.2. Moderating variables 277
2.3. Summary 292
3. A Person-Perception Account of Prime-to-Behavior Effects 293
3.1. Effect of primes on person perceptions and behavior 294
3.2. Moderating variables 295
3.3. Summary 301
4. A Situation-Perception Account of Prime-to-Behavior Effects 302
4.1. Effect of primes on situational construal and behavior 302
4.2. Moderating variables 303
4.3. Summary 305
5. Moderation of Mechanisms 305
5.1. Self-focus 306
5.2. Other-focus 307
5.3. The role of person and situation-focus 314
5.4. Summary 317
6. The Role of Consciousness 318
7. Conclusion 319
References 320
Chapter 6: Mental Construal and the Emergence of Assimilation and Contrast Effects: The Inclusion/Exclusion Model 330
1. Introduction 331
2. The Inclusion/Exclusion Model 333
2.1. Overview 333
2.2. Information accessibility 335
2.3. Information use 336
2.4. Size of context effects 340
3. Beyond Mere Accessibility: Determinants of Information Use 341
3.1. The ‘‘aboutness’’ filter: Why does it come to mind? 341
3.2. The representativeness filter: Does it describe the target? 345
3.3. Conversational relevance: Is this part of the common ground? 359
3.4. Coda 364
4. Processing Variables: Cognitive Capacity, Motivation, and Processing Style 365
4.1. Processing capacity and motivation 365
4.2. Differences in processing style 367
4.3. Individualistic versus collectivistic mind sets 369
4.4. Other mindsets 370
5. ``Assimilation or Contrast´´ Versus ``Assimilation and Contrast´´ 371
6. Concluding Remarks 374
Acknowledgments 375
References 375
Index 386
Contents of Other Volumes 392