Emerging Viruses in Human Populations (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Chapter 1. Introduction: The Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses 8
References 10
Chapter 2. History of Emerging Viruses in the Late 20th Century and the Paradigm Observed in an Emerging Prion Disease 12
Introduction 12
Human behavior and herpes simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2) 12
Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) 13
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 14
Hepatitis C virus 15
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) 16
Conclusions 17
References 18
Chapter 3. Zoonoses in the Emergence of Human Viral Diseases 22
Introduction 22
Historical aspects of zoonoses 23
Transmission modes 24
Factors influencing the epidemiology of viral zoonoses 25
References 42
Chapter 4. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 50
The beginning of the epidemic and the identification of SARS-CoV 50
The epidemic—timeline and highlights 52
Emergence and origin of SARS-CoV 55
The virus 57
Human disease 67
Implications for the future 77
References 79
Chapter 5. The Pandemic Threat of Avian Influenza Viruses 104
Introduction 104
Virology 105
Pandemic influenza 109
Avian influenza 112
Prevention and treatment of influenza 121
Acknowledgment 127
References 127
Chapter 6. The Emerging West Nile Virus: From the Old World to the New 140
Introduction 140
The virus 140
Geography 143
Transmission 144
Clinical aspects of WNV infection 146
Conclusions 149
Acknowledgments 149
References 149
Chapter 7. Monkeypox Virus Infections 156
Introduction 156
Description of the agent 156
Epidemiology of MPV infections 157
Clinical features 159
Laboratory diagnosis 161
Prevention of MPV infections 164
Treatment of MPV infections 164
Conclusions 165
References 165
Chapter 8. Hantaviruses in the Old and New World 168
Introduction 168
Historical background 169
Hantaviruses, their rodent hosts, and routes of transmission 169
The many clinical faces of HTV infections: HFRS-HPS and NE-HPS, and their pathogenesis 176
Laboratory diagnosis and differential diagnosis 178
What to treat and not to treat 180
References 180
Chapter 9. Nipah and Hendra Viruses 186
Introduction 186
Classification, structure, and virology 186
Epidemiology 189
Pathogenesis and clinical characteristics 195
Clinical manifestations 196
Laboratory diagnosis 199
Treatment, prevention, and control 200
Ecologic aspects and future considerations 201
Acknowledgments 201
References 201
Chapter 10. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Geographic Distribution, Incidence, and Spread of a Virus with a Propensity to Emerge in New Areas 208
Introduction 208
Japanese encephalitis virus 209
Clinical description and disease associations 214
Laboratory diagnosis 216
Ecology: vertebrate hosts and vectors 217
Geographic range, incidence, and seasonality 222
Virus spread 244
Prevention 248
Future spread of JEV 251
Acknowledgements 252
References 252
Chapter 11. Dengue and the Dengue Viruses 276
Introduction 276
The virus and the vectors 277
Dengue virus genome and replication 278
Mosquito vectors and virus transmission cycles 281
Epidemic patterns of dengue 282
Clinical features 283
Laboratory diagnosis 285
Pathogenesis and pathology 287
Treatment 290
Control and prevention 290
Conclusions 293
References 293
Chapter 12. Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus 306
Historical review 306
Virus description 307
Molecular biology and phylogenetic relationships 310
Disease cycle 311
CCHF in humans: modes of transmission and risk factors 314
Pathophysiology 315
Clinical findings 316
Laboratory findings 317
Diagnosis 317
Prognostic factors 318
Treatment and prevention 318
The risk of CCHFV as an agent of bioterrorism 320
Emerging CCHF 320
References 321
Chapter 13. Surveillance for Newly Emerging Viruses 332
Introduction and background 332
Surveillance methodology and approaches to surveillance 336
Implications for future policy, practice, and research 346
References 347
Colour Section 352
List of Contributors 366
Index 370