Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (eBook)
614 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-045608-9 (ISBN)
The first part of this volume of Advances in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (AAMOP), entitled Benjamin Bederson: Works, Comments and Legacies, contains articles written from a personal perspective. His days at Los Alamos during World War II, working on the A bomb, are recounted by V. Fitch. H. Walther writes on the time when both were editors of AAMOP. H. Lustig, E. Merzbacher and B. Crasemann, with whom Bederson had a long-term association at the American Physical Society, contribute their experiences, one of them in the style of a poem. C.D. Rice recalls his days when he was Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science at NYU, and the education in physics that he received from Bederson, then Dean of the Graduate School. The contribution by R. Stuewer is on Bederson as physicist historian (his latest interest). N. Lane draws some parallels between two civic scientists, Benjamin Bederson and the other Benjamin. The papers are introduced by H.H. Stroke, in an overview of Bederson's career. A biography and bibliography are included.
The second part of the volume contains scientific articles on the Casimir effects (L. Spruch), dipole polarizabilities (X. Chu, A. Dalgarno), two-electron molecular bonds revisited (G. Chen, S.A. Chin, Y. Dou, K.T. Kapale, M. Kim, A.A. Svidzinsky, K. Uretkin, H. Xiong, M.O. Scully, and resonance fluorescence of two-level atoms (H. Walther). J. Pinard and H.H. Stroke review spectroscopy with radioactive atoms. T. Miller writes on electron attachment and detachment in gases, and, with H. Gould, on recent developments in the measurement of static electric dipole polarizabilities. R. Celotta and J.A. Stroscio's most recent work on trapping and moving atoms on surfaces is contributed here. C.C. Lin and J.B. Borrard's article is on electron-impact excitation cross sections. The late Edward Pollack wrote his last paper for this volume, Atomic and Ionic Collisions. L. Vuskovic and S. Popovi?c write on atomic interactions in a weakly ionized gas and ionizing shock waves. The last scientific article is by H. Kleinpoppen, B. Lohmann, A. Grum-Grzhimailo and U. Becker on approaches to perfect/complete scattering in atomic and molecular physics. The book ends with an essay on teaching by R.E. Collins.
* Benjamin Bederson - Atomic Physicist, Civil Scientist.
* The Physical Review and Its Editor.
* Los Alamos in World War II - View from Below.
* Physics in Poetry.
* Casimir Effects - Pedagogical Notes.
* Atomic Physics in Collisions, Polarizabilities, Gases, Atomic Physics and Radioactive Atoms.
* Molecular Bond Revisited.
* Resonance Fluorescence in 2-Level Atoms.
* Trapping and Moving Atoms on Surfaces.
Benjamin Bederson contributed to the world of physics in many areas: in atomic physics, where he achieved renown by his scattering and polarizability experiments, as the Editor-in-Chief for the American Physical Society, where he saw the introduction of electronic publishing and a remarkable growth of the APS journals, with ever increasing world-wide contributions to these highly esteemed journals, and as the originator of a number of international physics conferences in the fields of atomic and collision physics, which are continuing to this day. Bederson was also a great teacher and university administrator. The first part of this volume of Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (AAMOP), entitled Benjamin Bederson: Works, Comments and Legacies, contains articles written from a personal perspective. His days at Los Alamos during World War II, working on the A bomb, are recounted by V. Fitch. H. Walther writes on the time when both were editors of AAMOP. H. Lustig, E. Merzbacher and B. Crasemann, with whom Bederson had a long-term association at the American Physical Society, contribute their experiences, one of them in the style of a poem. C.D. Rice recalls his days when he was Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science at NYU, and the education in physics that he received from Bederson, then Dean of the Graduate School. The contribution by R. Stuewer is on Bederson as physicist historian (his latest interest). N. Lane draws some parallels between "e;two civic scientists, Benjamin Bederson and the other Benjamin"e;. The papers are introduced by H.H. Stroke, in an overview of Bederson's career. A biography and bibliography are included. The second part of the volume contains scientific articles on the Casimir effects (L. Spruch), dipole polarizabilities (X. Chu, A. Dalgarno), two-electron molecular bonds revisited (G. Chen, S.A. Chin, Y. Dou, K.T. Kapale, M. Kim, A.A. Svidzinsky, K. Uretkin, H. Xiong, M.O. Scully, and resonance fluorescence of two-level atoms (H. Walther). J. Pinard and H.H. Stroke review spectroscopy with radioactive atoms. T. Miller writes on electron attachment and detachment in gases, and, with H. Gould, on recent developments in the measurement of static electric dipole polarizabilities. R. Celotta and J.A. Stroscio's most recent work on trapping and moving atoms on surfaces is contributed here. C.C. Lin and J.B. Borrard's article is on electron-impact excitation cross sections. The late Edward Pollack wrote his last paper for this volume, Atomic and Ionic Collisions. L. Vuskovic and S. Popovi c write on atomic interactions in a weakly ionized gas and ionizing shock waves. The last scientific article is by H. Kleinpoppen, B. Lohmann, A. Grum-Grzhimailo and U. Becker on approaches to perfect/complete scattering in atomic and molecular physics. The book ends with an essay on teaching by R.E. Collins. - Benjamin Bederson - Atomic Physicist, Civil Scientist- The Physical Review and Its Editor- Los Alamos in World War II - View from Below- Physics in Poetry- Casimir Effects - Pedagogical Notes- Atomic Physics in Collisions, Polarizabilities, Gases, Atomic Physics and Radioactive Atoms- Molecular Bond Revisited- Resonance Fluorescence in 2-Level Atoms- Trapping and Moving Atoms on Surfaces
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Introduction 20
References 24
Appreciation of Ben Bederson as Editor of Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 26
Benjamin Bederson Curriculum Vitae 28
Research Publications of Benjamin Bederson 34
A Proper Homage to Our Ben 40
Benjamin Bederson in the Army, World War II 46
References 51
Physics Needs Heroes Too 52
Two Civic Scientists-Benjamin Bederson and the other Benjamin 58
An Editor Par Excellence 66
Ben as APS Editor 74
References 80
Ben Bederson: Physicist-Historian 82
Introduction 82
Wartime Reminiscences 83
Physics and New York City 86
APS Forum on the History of Physics 90
Conclusion 91
References 91
Pedagogical Notes on Classical Casimir Effects 92
Introduction 93
Dimensional Analysis and Physical Arguments 94
The Vanishing of ECl 95
An Unauthorized Thank You 98
References 98
Polarizabilities of 3P Atoms and van der Waals Coefficients for Their Interaction with Helium Atoms 100
Introduction 101
Theory: Dynamic Polarizabilities 101
Numerical Method 103
Results: Static Dipole Polarizabilities 105
Van der Waals Coefficients 106
Acknowledgement 107
References 107
The Two Electron Molecular Bond Revisited: From Bohr Orbits to Two-Center Orbitals 110
Introduction 112
Overview 112
The Bohr Molecule 113
Simple Correlation Energy from the Bohr Model 117
Correlated Two-Center Orbitals 118
Context 120
Outline 123
Recent Progress Based on Bohr's Model 124
Interpolated Bohr Model 125
General Results and Fundamental Properties of Wave Functions 128
The Born-Oppenheimer Separation 128
Variational Properties: The Virial Theorem and the Feynman-Hellman Theorem 131
Fundamental Properties of One and Two-Electron Wave Functions 134
Riccati Form, Proximal and Asymptotic Conditions 134
The Coalescence Wave Function 137
Electron Correlation Functions 140
The One-Electron Homonuclear Wave Function 144
The Two-Electron Homonuclear Wave Function 146
Construction of Trial Wave Functions by Patil and Coworkers 148
Analytical Wave Mechanical Solutions for One Electron Molecules 152
The Hydrogen Atom 154
H+2-like Molecular Ion in Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates 155
Solution of the Lambda-Equation (4.16) 156
Solution of the M-Equation (4.17) 158
The Many-Centered, One-Electron Problem 160
Two Electron Molecules: Cusp Conditions and Correlation Functions 162
The Cusp Conditions 162
Various Forms of the Correlation Function f(r12) 164
f(r12) = 1+12 r12 165
f(r12) = 1 + r122 e-r12/d (d> 0)
f(r12) =1-11+2lambdae-lambdar12 (lambda> 0)
f(r12) = e(1/2) r12 168
f(r,r12)=sinh(tr)tr·F0(1/(2k),kr12)r12 168
f(r12)=1-F11(-12Z,2,-2Zr12 -1) 170
Modelling of Diatomic Molecules 172
The Heitler-London Method 172
The Hund-Mulliken Method 175
The Hartree-Fock Self-Consistent Method 179
The James-Coolidge Wave Functions 183
Two-Centered Orbitals 191
Le Sech's Simplification of Integrals Involving Cross-Terms of Correlated Wave Functions 193
Generalized Correlated or Uncorrelated Two-Centered Wave Functions 196
Numerical Algorithm 198
Alternative Approaches 201
Improvement of Hartree-Fock Results Using the Bohr Model 201
Dimensional Scaling 202
Conclusions and Outlook 208
Acknowledgements 208
Appendices 209
Separation of Variables for the H+2-like Schrödinger Equation 209
The Asymptotic Expansion of Lambda(lambda) for Large lambda 210
The Asymptotic Expansion of Lambda(lambda) as lambda-> 1
Expansions of Solution Near lambda1 and lambda»1: Trial Wave Functions of James and Coolidge 213
The Many-Centered, One Electron Problem in Momentum Space 215
Derivation of the Cusp Conditions 220
Center of Mass Coordinates for the Kinetic Energy -12m1 21-12m222 225
Verifications of the Cusp Conditions for Two-Centered Orbitals in Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates 227
Integrals with the Heitler-London Wave Functions 233
Derivations Related to the Laplacian for Section 6.4 234
Recursion Relations and Their Derivations for Section 6.4 239
A(m alpha)
F(m alpha)
S(m,n alpha)
T(m,n alpha)
H0(m,n alpha)
H1(m,n alpha)
Htau(m,n alpha)
H(1)tau(m,n alpha)
H(2)tau(m,n alpha)
Derivations for the 5-Term Recurrence Relations (6.81) 248
Dimensional Scaling in Spherical Coordinates 249
References 253
Resonance Fluorescence of Two-Level Atoms 256
Introduction 256
Theory of the Spectrum of Resonance Fluorescence 257
Total Scattered Intensity, Intensity Correlations, and Photon Antibunching 261
More Theoretical Results-Variants of the AC Stark Effect 262
Experimental Studies of the Spectrum 264
Spectrum at Low Scattering Intensities and Extremely High Resolution 268
Experiments on the Intensity Correlation-Photon Antibunching 277
Photon Correlation Measured with a Single Trapped Particle 283
Conclusion 286
References 287
Atomic Physics with Radioactive Atoms 290
Introduction 291
"Off-line" Experiments 292
Atomic Spectroscopy: the Actinides 292
Hyperfine Structure and Isotope Shifts 293
Early Atomic Beam Magnetic Resonance Experiments 294
Optical Methods in Radioisotope Spectroscopy Isotope and Isomer Shifts
"On-line" Experiments 297
A Challenge for Atomic Spectroscopy: the Search for Optical Transitions in Francium 300
Isotope Shifts Pre-laser Experiments
The RADOP Experiment: Discovery of a Nuclear Shape Transition 303
Isotonic shifts 306
High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy Work On-line with an ISOL 306
Collinear Laser Spectroscopy: a More General Spectroscopic Method 308
Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy: the Study of Refractory Elements 310
Fission Isomers 311
Bohr-Weisskopf Effect 311
References 313
Thermal Electron Attachment and Detachment in Gases 316
Introduction 317
FALP Apparatus 320
Basic Description 320
Langmuir Probe Operation 323
Electron Attachment 326
Transition-Metal Trifluorophosphines and Carbonyls 328
Sulfur-Fluoride Compounds 331
Single-Center Hexafluorides 333
NF3 and Phosphorous Compounds 333
Other Organic Compounds 336
Ozone, Sulfur Trioxide, and Chlorine Nitrate 338
Electron Detachment 340
Electron Affinity (EA) 346
New Plasma Effects 347
Concluding Remarks 349
Acknowledgements 351
References 353
Recent Developments in the Measurement of Static Electric Dipole Polarizabilities 360
Introduction 361
Definitions 363
Deflection in Electric Field Gradients 364
Light Force Method 366
Interferometry Experiments 367
Laser-Cooled Atoms 369
Alkali Polarizability, Lifetime and the Dispersion Coefficient 371
Ionic Polarizabilities from Lifetimes 371
Core Polarizability from Microwave Spectroscopy of Rydberg Atoms and Ions 372
Concluding Remarks 373
Acknowledgements 374
References 374
Trapping and Moving Atoms on Surfaces 380
Introduction 381
Moving Atoms 382
Background 382
Experimental System 383
Co/Cu(111) 384
The Atom Manipulation Process 385
Atom Dynamics 386
STM Observation of Atom Motion 386
An Ideal Two-State Fluctuator 391
Transition Rate Observations 393
Summary and Comments 397
Future Expectations 397
Acknowledgements 399
References 399
Electron-Impact Excitation Cross Sections of Sodium 402
Introduction 402
Excitation out of the Ground State 404
The Optical Method 404
Measurement of Atomic Number Density 406
Cross Section Measurements and Results 407
Summation Relations for Direct Excitation Cross Sections 411
Alternative Methods for Absolute Calibration 412
Comparison with Theoretical Calculations 414
Differential Cross Sections: Atomic Beam Recoil Method 415
Partial Cross Sections 416
Excitation out of Laser Excited States 418
Production of Excited States 418
3P to 3S Superelastic Cross Sections 420
Differential Cross Sections 422
Integral Cross Sections 422
Concluding Remarks 424
Acknowledgements 426
References 426
Atomic and Ionic Collisions 430
Ben Bederson 431
Introduction 431
Collisions Involving Heavy Solar Wind Ions 433
Collisions Involving H0 Projectiles 439
Proton Collisions in the Io Plasma Torus 458
Surface Collisions with Highly-Charged Ions 460
Acknowledgement 463
References 464
Atomic Interactions in Weakly Ionized Gas: Ionizing Shock Waves in Neon 468
Introduction 469
Electron Impact Ionization from Excited Neon 472
Energy Pooling Processes in Neon 474
Ionizing Shock Waves in Neon 479
Concluding Remarks 483
Acknowledgements 483
References 483
Approaches to Perfect/Complete Scattering Experiments in Atomic and Molecular Physics 488
Introductory Remarks 489
Analysis of Atomic Collisions 491
Classification of Atomic Collision Processes 491
Examples of Approaches to Complete/Perfect Scattering Experiments 493
Analysis of Spin and Coincidence Experiments Including Photon Polarization Detection in Atomic Collisions 494
Spin Effects in Atomic Collisions 505
Angle and Spin Resolved Analysis of Resonantly Excited Auger Decay 513
General Considerations 513
Theory of~Angle and Spin Resolved Auger Processes 517
Auger decay following electron impact excitation 517
Photoexcited Auger decay 519
Numerical Calculation Methods 521
Experimental Details and Set-up 522
Analysis and Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Data 523
Angular distribution and spin polarization parameters 523
Alignment and orientation parameters 526
Final Comments 529
Complete Experiments for Half-Collision Auger Decay
General Considerations 529
Approaches to Complete Experiment for Auger Decay 532
Examples of Complete Experiments 533
Analysis of Molecular Collisions 536
Basic Concepts 536
Photoionization Dynamics: 4sigma-1 Photoemission of NO 537
Concluding Remarks 540
References 544
Reflections on Teaching 552
Dedication 552
Introduction 553
Recollections 554
Characteristics of Great Teachers 560
Characteristics of Great Teaching 562
Rewards of Teaching 566
Who Should Teach? 567
Recognition of Excellent Teaching 569
Evaluation of Teaching 570
Assessment of Students 572
Conclusion 573
Acknowledgement 574
References 574
Index 576
Contents of Volumes in this Serial 592
Introduction
H. Henry Stroke
I am always suspicious when asked by Ben Bederson to get involved in some editorial work: once it cost me more than two years of intensive work when he persuaded me to edit “The Physical Review: The First 100 Years” [1] for the American Physical Society (APS) and the American Institute of Physics. On a second occasion, he legated to me the editorship of what is now CAMOP [2], and which has kept me occupied for over thirty years. Eugen Merzbacher in his contribution to this volume attests to Ben's persuasiveness. In spite of these experiences, when asked to edit this book dedicated to him, I accepted with pleasure. For over fifty years Ben has played an important part in my life as a physicist, and also personally.
The contributions in this volume are largely devoted to the legacy of Ben's work, his influence in physics and on students and colleagues with whom he collaborated. Tom Miller, who has worked with Ben, looked into his antecedents [3]. I am grateful to him for providing the Bederson academic lineage:
• Ogden Nicolas Rood, BS (Princeton, 1852) Professor and Head of Department, Columbia University
• Robert Andrews Millikan, PhD (Columbia University, 1895) “On the Polarization of Light Emitted from the Surfaces of Incandescent Solids and Liquids”
• Leonard Benedict Loeb, PhD (University of Chicago, 1916) “On the Mobilities of Gas Ions in High Electric Fields”
• Leon Harold Fisher, PhD (University of California, Berkeley, 1944) “Three Problems in Electrical Discharges through Gases”
• Benjamin Bederson, PhD (New York University, 1950) “Formative Time Lags of Spark Breakdown in Air”
Titles of the theses are listed. Rood apparently did not have a PhD. Among his research fields were acoustics and optics. He authored a book on colorimetry, “Modern Chromatics”, which was valued as a reference by Impressionist painters, and he was a noted painter himself.
Ben's first post-World War II research was in the field of gas discharges. He described this early work in a talk at the 1992 Gaseous Electronics Conference [4]. The talk also included the ensuing developments that led ultimately to his electron-scattering experiments.
In 1950, Ben was on the staff in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when I first met him in the Atomic Beams Laboratory. I had taken a course in atomic physics with Jerrold Zacharias which inspired me to look for research in the same laboratory. I detail this part of Ben's career because (1) it entailed physics that he did not pursue afterwards, and (2) it laid the experimental foundations for his physics thereafter. There were many exciting experiments and Ben was involved in a number of them. One of the important ones concerned the anomalous gyromagnetic ratio, J, of the electron. Quantum electrodynamics was in its relatively early stages and an atomic beam magnetic resonance (ABMR) experiment on hydrogen would be most important. But, compared to a number of earlier experiments with alkali atoms, where production of the atomic beam and its detection were easy, for hydrogen there were problems on both end. Alkali atomic beams are easily ionized by the process of surface ionization on a hot, high-work function, wire. The resulting ion current is readily measured. Hydrogen, however, is normally a molecule. So, Ben and his coworkers built an “atomizer” based on Wood's tube [5], where his expertise in gas discharges was put to use in producing the hydrogen atomic beam. The detection part proved to be a great challenge as well: hydrogen has an ionization potential of 13.6 eV and its electron cannot be removed as with alkalis. John King [6] suggested instead the possibility of attaching an electron to the hydrogen atom on a very low work function surface: the electron affinity of hydrogen is only 0.7eV. This was my first real experiment in physics, and it did not succeed. Ben invented a modification of the Pirani gauge, a device in which the incident gas atoms cool a heated wire, causing a measured change in resistance: In Ben's scheme the incoming beam gas was compressed, increasing the sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. This work is described in the theses of two undergraduate students, Germaine Bousquet and Alan Odian [7] and in the review by King and Zacharias [8].
The other effort in the laboratory was in nuclear structure. This was only about one year after the introduction of the nuclear shell model by Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, and still before the collective model of the nucleus of Aage Bohr and Ben R. Mottelson. Only about a half dozen spins of odd–odd (odd-proton number, odd-neutron number) nuclei were known at the time and their coupling schemes were a matter of conjecture. After my rookie stage—cleaning oil diffusion pumps and spending months tracking down vacuum leaks in atomic beam apparatus, which by today's standards would be considered quite primitive—I finally inherited my own ABMR system. With Ben and Vincent Jaccarino we succeeded in measuring the nuclear spin and magnetic moment of 134Cs, a radioactive isotope with a half life of about 750 days. The experiment was done with a very strong source, the activity of which was close to 1010 becquerels. It would be difficult to obtain approval for such a quantity today!
Ben also collaborated on an atomic beam experiment with potassium isotopes to measure the effect of the distributed nuclear magnetization on the atomic electron–nuclear interaction [9]. This effect had been observed with rubidium isotopes for the first time by Francis Bitter only a short while earlier. Ten years before then, Hans Kopfermann, in the first edition of his book on nuclear moments [10], remarked that this effect is much too small ever to be observed!
Ben left for New York University (NYU) two years before work started in Zacharias' laboratory on the first atomic clock, based on an ABMR in cesium. It was the prototype of today's time and frequency standard.
Three years after Ben left MIT, I came to Princeton as a postdoc. Shortly after I arrived, in April 1955, I was asked if I would be willing to meet Albert Einstein and tell him about the efforts that he heard were going on at MIT on a precision clock (the so-called fountain clock) that may be able to detect the gravitational red shift predicted by his theory [11]. I recall this as we are celebrating in 2005 the 100th anniversary of Einstein's great papers—also commemorating the 50th anniversary of his death.
Though I have recounted this event countless times, and will certainly incur Ben's wrath in telling it again, the day of this memorable meeting was also another occasion for Ben's (mild) persuasion: he introduced me to my future wife, Norma, who was an apartment-mate of his future wife Betty. Eight years later he exercised his power of persuasion once more that resulted in my giving up another academic offer in favor of NYU.
This spans the early part of Ben's career. The contributions in this volume continue the story. An aspect which is not covered is his importance in organizing scientific meetings. First there was the International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC) which he launched at NYU in the late 1950's. Then there was the International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP), which also had its beginnings at NYU [12], unfortunately marred in the middle of the conference by the news of the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy on 6 June 1968. ICAP was an outgrowth of the “Brookhaven Conferences”, initiated and organized for many years by Victor Cohen. Initially they were devoted exclusively to atomic beam experiments, but they were soon extended to the rapidly growing new fields of atomic physics. ICPEAC and ICAP continue to this day as thriving meetings of the international community of atomic physicists. Ben played a seminal rôle in both of them.
The people who have contributed to this volume have had interactions with Ben through his diverse interests and activities. A number were PhD students and postdocs in his laboratory, and colleagues with whom his interests intersected. These contributions constitute the latter part of the volume—first, theoretical then, experimental work. The first part of the volume is more personal, introduced by an epitomic poem on Ben's career by Harry Lustig, emeritus Treasurer of the APS, who held the financial reins on Ben when he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Society. Val Fitch goes back to the early Bederson, at the time when both served at the Los Alamos Laboratory in World War II. Duncan Rice, Principal of the University of Aberdeen, writes from the point of view of a historian who had to be educated in the sciences while he was Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Science at NYU by Ben, then Dean of the Graduate School. Neil Lane writes of Ben as a citizen in the science community. Eugen Merzbacher and Bernd Crasemann recall Ben's major activity as Editor-in-Chief of the APS. Finally, in this first part, Roger Stuewer comes to Ben's latest activity, after having attained Emeritus status both at NYU and at the...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 20.12.2005 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik | |
| Technik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-045608-1 / 0080456081 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-045608-9 / 9780080456089 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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