Vold's Theoretical Criminology

Jeffrey B. Snipes: Ph.D. SUNY Albany, J.D. Stanford, Professor of Criminal Justice Studies at San Francisco State Thomas J. Bernard: Ph.D. SUNY Albany, Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Penn State (deceased) Alexander L. Gerould: J .D. Univ of San Francisco, Professor of Criminal Justice Studies at San Francisco State

Cover PageTitle pageCopyright pageDedicationContentsPrefaceChapter 1 Theory and Crime1.1 Spiritual Explanations1.2 Natural Explanations1.3 Scientific Theories1.4 Causation in Scientific Theories1.5 Three Categories of Criminological TheoriesNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 2 Classical Criminology2.1 The Social and Intellectual Background of Classical Criminology2.2 Beccaria and the Classical School2.3 The Neoclassical School2.4 From Classical Theory to Deterrence Research2.5 Nagin’s Review of Deterrence Research2.6 Rational Choice and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)2.7 Routine Activities and Victimization2.8 Focused Deterrence: Operation CeasefireConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 3 Biosocial Criminology3.1 Background: Physical Appearance and Defectiveness3.2 Lombroso, the Born Criminal, and Positivist Criminology3.3 Goring’s Refutation of the Born Criminal3.4 Body Type Theories3.5 Family Studies3.6 Twin and Adoption Studies3.7 Epigenetics and the Role of Heritability Studies in Biosocial Criminology3.8 MAOA: The Warrior Gene3.9 Hormones3.10 The Neural Basis of CrimeThe Central Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System3.11 Environmentally Induced Biological Components of BehaviorConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 4 Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior4.1 Intelligence and Crime: Background Ideas and Concepts4.2 IQ Tests and Criminal Behavior4.3 Delinquency, Race, and IQ4.4 Interpreting the Association Between Delinquency and IQ4.5 Personality and Criminal Behavior: An Overview4.6 Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis4.7 Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder4.8 Depression and Delinquency4.9 Trait Perspectives and the Five-Factor Model of Personality4.10 Impulsivity and Crime4.11 Moffitt’s Life-Course-Persistent Offenders4.12 Clinical Prediction of Future Dangerousness4.13 Actuarial Prediction of Later Crime and Delinquency4.14 Policy Implications of Personality ResearchConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 5 Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization5.1 Emile Durkheim5.2 Crime as Normal in Mechanical Societies5.3 Anomie as a Pathological State in Organic Societies5.4 Durkheim’s Theory of CrimeConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 6 Strain Theories6.1 Robert K. Merton and Anomie in American Society6.2 Cohen’s Middle-Class Measuring Rod6.3 Cloward and Ohlin’s Typology of Gangs6.4 1960s Strain-Based Policies6.5 The Decline and Resurgence of Strain Theories6.6 Agnew’s General Strain Theory6.7 Messner and Rosenfeld’s Institutional Anomie TheoryConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 7 Neighborhoods and Crime7.1 The Theory of Human Ecology7.2 Research in the Delinquency Areas of Chicago7.3 Policy Implications7.4 Residential Succession, Social Disorganization, and Crime7.5 Sampson’s Theory of Collective Efficacy7.6 Neighborhood Disorder, Crime, and Policing7.7 Crime in Public Housing7.8 Social Disorganization and Crime in Rural Areas7.9 Expanding Interest in Neighborhood Social ProcessesConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 8 Learning Theories8.1 Basic Psychological Approaches to Learning8.2 Tarde’s Laws of Imitation and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory8.3 Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory8.4 Research Testing Sutherland’s Theory8.5 The Content of Learning: Cultural and Subcultural Theories8.6 The Learning Process: Akers’s Social Learning Theory8.7 Assessing Social Learning Theory8.8 Athens’s Theory of Violentization8.9 Katz’s Seductions of Crime8.10 Labeling Theories8.11 ImplicationsConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 9 Control Theories9.1 Early Control Theories: Reiss to Nye9.2 Matza’s Delinquency and Drift9.3 Hirschi’s Social Control Theory9.4 Assessing Social Control Theory9.5 Gottfredson and Hirschi’s A General Theory of Crime9.6 Assessing Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General TheoryConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 10 Conflict Criminology10.1 Early Conflict Theories: Sellin and Vold10.2 Conflict Theories in a Time of Conflict: Turk, Quinney, and Chambliss and Seidman10.3 Black’s Theory of the Behavior of Law10.4 A Unified Conflict Theory of CrimeValues and Interests in Complex SocietiesPatterns of Individual ActionThe Enactment of Criminal LawsThe Enforcement of Criminal LawsThe Distribution of Official Crime RatesTesting Conflict Criminology10.5 Minority Threat Theory10.6 Cumulative Disadvantage in the American Criminal Justice SystemConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 11 Marxist, Postmodern, and Green Criminology11.1 Overview of Marx’s Theory11.2 Marx on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice11.3 The Emergence of Marxist Criminology11.4 Marxist Theory and Research on Crime11.5 Overview of Postmodernism11.6 Postmodern Criminology11.7 Green CriminologyConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 12 Gender and Crime12.1 The Development of Feminist Criminology12.2 Schools of Feminist Criminology12.3 Gender in Criminology12.4 Why Are Women’s Crime Rates So Low?12.5 Why Are Men’s Crime Rates So High?12.6 The Narrowing of the Gender Gap in Violence12.7 Beyond the Gender GapConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 13 Developmental and Life-Course Theories13.1 The Great Debate: Criminal Careers, Longitudinal Research, and the Relationship Between Age and Crime13.2 Criminal Propensity Versus Criminal Career13.3 The Transition to Developmental Criminology13.4 Three Developmental DirectionsThornberry’s Interactional TheorySampson and Laub’s Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social ControlTremblay’s Developmental Origins of Physical Aggression13.5 New Directions in Developmental and Life-Course CriminologyConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 14 Integrated Theories14.1 Elliott’s Integrated Theory of Delinquency and Drug Use14.2 The Falsification Versus Integration Debate14.3 Braithwaite’s Theory of Reintegrative Shaming14.4 Tittle’s Control Balance Theory14.5 Differential Coercion and Social Support Theory14.6 Bernard and Snipes’s Approach to Integrating Criminology Theories14.7 Agnew’s General Theory14.8 Gottschalk’s Theory of ConvenienceConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsChapter 15 Theory and Policy in Context15.1 Crime in the United States: The Past Sixty Years15.2 Two Opposing Narratives of the Crime Wave15.3 Explaining the 1990s Decline15.4 The City That Became Safe15.5 Crime in the US During the PandemicConclusionsNotesKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsConclusionWhat Is the State of Criminological Theory?1 There is an overwhelming abundance of theories in criminology.2 The discipline is a battleground of theories.3 Not all theories fit the scientific definition of theory.4 Despite the fierce competition among theories, there is much overlap.5 There are three major problems with the testing of theories of crime causation.6 There are several factors that contribute to the current state of criminological theory.7 Is it bad to have so many theories, and if so, what should be done?How Should Theory Be Most Relevant to Policy?NotesIndexList of IllustrationsList of TablesImages