Liposomes in Gene Delivery

Danilo D. Lasic

1. Introduction -- Additional Reading -- 2. Gene Therapy -- Strategies in Gene Delivery -- Disease Applications of Gene Therapy -- Genetic Diseases -- Cancer -- Infectious Diseases -- Neurological Diseases -- Cardiovascular Diseases -- Other Diseases -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 3. Nucleic Acids -- DNA Structure and Conformation -- DNA Stability and Interactions -- Theoretical Description of DNA -- Statistical Thermodynamic Models -- and Molecular Dynamics -- Polyelectrolyte Models -- DNA Condensation -- Recombinant DNA Technology -- DNA Plasmid Preparation and Purification -- Genetic Engineering -- Production of Materials and Goods -- Transgenic Animals -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 4. Gene Expression -- Promoters and Enhancers -- Introns and poly A Tails -- Complementary DNA -- Cytoplasmic Gene Expression -- Reporter Genes -- Vectors -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 5. Gene Delivery -- Naked DNA -- Viral Systems -- Nonviral Delivery Systems -- Polycations, Polypeptides, and Polymers -- Polyelectrolytes -- Cationic Liposomes and Other Colloidal Particles -- Conventional Liposomes -- Targeted Systems -- Targeted Liposomes -- Minichromosomes -- Transkaryotic Therapy -- RNA Delivery -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 6. Liposomes -- Lipids and Liposome Composition -- Cationic Lipids -- Electrostatic Properties of Charged Lipids and Liposomes -- Cationic Liposomes -- Liposome Preparation Methods -- Hydration of Lipids -- Sonication -- Extrusion -- Homogenization -- Mechanism of Vesicle Formation -- Liposome Stability -- Colloidal Stability of Liposomes: The DLVO Theory -- Characterization and Quality Control -- Interactions of Liposomes with Cells and In Vivo -- Toxicity and Safety of Cationic Liposomes -- Liposomes and Cell Membranes -- Liposome Applications -- Drug Delivery -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 7. Genosomes (DNA—Lipid Complexes) -- Reactivity and Stability -- Electrostatics of DNA-Liposome Interactions -- Structure of Cationic Lipid-DNA Complexes -- Characterization -- Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution -- Toxicity -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 8. Genosomes for Gene Delivery and Transfection -- Expression In Vitro -- Gene Transfection and Expression In Vivo -- Parenteral Applications of Genosomes -- Pulmonary Delivery -- Other Delivery Routes -- Genosome Administration into Humans -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 9. Structure-Activity Relationships -- Structure-Activity Relationships -- Structure-Activity Relationships of -- Cationic Lipids on the Molecular Level -- Cholesteroyl-Anchored Cationic Lipids -- Diacyl Chain Cationic Lipids -- Structure-Activity Relationships on the Colloidal Level -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 10. Mechanism of Transfection -- Transfection In Vitro -- Transfection In Vivo -- Factors and Steps That Determine Transfection -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 11. Other Carrier Systems and Artificial Virus -- Polyelectrolytes Combination Complexes -- Polyelectrolyes -- Combination Complexes -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 12. Liposomes in the Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides -- Introduction -- Antisense Oligonucleotides: -- Structure and Mechanism of Action -- Liposomes for the Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides -- Overview of Some of the Results -- Use of Anionic/Neutral Liposomes for Delivery -- Use of Cationic Liposomes in Oligonucleotide Delivery -- Ribozymes -- Delivery of Proteins -- Summary -- Additional Reading -- 13. Perspectives and Conclusion -- Cationic Liposomes -- Anionic Liposomes -- Sterically Stabilized Liposomes -- Summary -- Conclusion and Afterword -- Additional Reading -- References -- Appendix A: Some Fundamental Constants -- Appendix B: Periodic System of Elements -- Appendix C: A Short Tutorial on Different Units -- Appendix D: Geometric Parameters of Lipids and Nucleic Acids -- Appendix E: Abbreviations -- Appendix F: Glossary -- Index.