The Urban Climate

Preface1 Introduction 1.1 The Literature 1.2 Historical Developments 1.3 The Problem of Local Climate Modification References2 The Assessment of the Urban Atmosphere 2.1 Synoptic versus Local Scale 2.2 Observational Procedures References3 Urban Air Composition 3.1 The Urban Atmosphere 3.2 Air Standards and Observations 3.3 Pollutant- Weather Interactions 3.4 Urban Climatological Dispersion Models References4 Urban Energy Fluxes 4.1 Solar Radiation 4.2 Other Flux Parameters 4.3 Man-Made Factors in the Urban Heat Balance References5 The Urban Heat Island 5.1 Development and Growth of the Heat Island 5.2 Fluctuations of the Heat Island 5.3 Vertical Extent of the Heat Island 5.4 Wind Influence on the Heat Island 5.5 Consequences of the Urban Heat Island References6 The Urban Wind Field 6.1 Empirical Evidence for Wind Alterations 6.2 Vertical Wind Structure in Urban Areas 6.3 Urban Wind Field and Other Mesoscale Circulations References7 Models of Urban Temperature and Wind Fields 7.1 Static Models 7.2 Dynamic Models of Urban Flow 7.3 Model Applications to Air Pollution Studies List of Symbols References8 Moisture, Clouds, and Hydrometeors 8.1 The Urban Humidity Field 8.2 Urban Clouds 8.3 Urban Precipitation References9 Urban Hydrology Text References10 Special Aspects of Urban Climate 10.1 Corrosion and Deterioration 10.2 Urban Noise 10.3 Plants in the Urban Atmosphere 10.4 Effects of Urban Atmosphere on Humans References11 Urban Planning Text ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index