Atlantic Shorelines

Mark D. Bertness is Robert P. Brown Professor of Biology and Chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Brown University.

Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1: The Setting 1 Continental Drift and the Age of the East Coast 2 Sea Level Change 5 Winter Ice 8 Barrier Islands 9 Species Origins and Invasions 11 Introduced Species 13 Tides 18 Waves and Water Movement 24 Waves Hitting the Shore 25 Effects of Shoreline Topography on Waves 27 Wave Effects on Shorelines 28 Water Movement 30 Summary 33 Further Reading 34 Chapter 2: The Economy of the Shoreline: The Production and Consumption of Resources 36 Primary Productivity 36 Bottom-up Control of Shoreline Communities 48 Top-down Control of Shoreline Communities 53 Consumer Feeding Strategies 56 Foraging Decisions 63 Prey Defenses 70 Summary 83 Further Reading 84 Chapter 3: Reproduction and Recruitment of Shoreline Organisms 86 Fertilization 87 Types of Development 94 Problems Facing Planktonic Larvae 100 Factors Regulating the Recruitment of Planktonic Larvae 112 Population and Community Effects of Variable Larval Supply 123 Summary 128 Further Reading 128 Chapter 4: Process and Pattern in Shoreline Communities 130 Zonation 130 Competitive Interactions 133 Positive Interactions 142 Consumer Effects 149 Interactions among the Forces That Shape Shoreline Communities 157 Natural Disturbance Processes 159 Mechanisms of Secondary Succession 164 Ecosystem Engineering 167 Summary 170 Further Reading 171 Chapter 5: Rocky Shores 172 Rocky Intertidal Algae 173 Rocky Intertidal Herbivores 182 Predators on Rocky Shores 195 Stresses in Rocky Intertidal Habitats 203 Zonation 215 Conservation Issues 235 Summary 238 Further Reading 239 Chapter 6: Soft-sediment Habitats 241 The Physical Habitat 242 Tidal Flat Organisms 246 Zonation in Intertidal Soft-substrate Habitats 267 Ecosystem Engineering in Soft-Sediment Habitats 283 Conservation Concerns 301 Summary 302 Further Reading 303 Chapter 7: Salt Marsh and Mangrove Communities 304 Marsh Development 305 Marsh Plant Zonation 308 Physical Stresses on Marsh Plants 322 Competition among Marsh Plants 325 Positive Feedback in Marsh Plant Communities 330 Consumer Control in Salt Marsh Systems 335 Disturbance in Marsh Plant Communities 337 Secondary Succession in Marsh Plant Communities 340 Marsh Production and Its Effect on Estuarine Habitats 344 Animals of Salt Marshes 348 Predators 365 Marshes as Nursery Grounds 366 Marsh Conservation 368 Mangrove Forests 373 Summary 380 Further Reading 382 Glossary 383 Bibliography 391 Index 423