European Glacial Landscapes

David Palacios is Full Professor of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. He has been the coordinator for Spanish National Projects since 1998 to the present, and Spanish coordinator of two European Projects. He has served as founder and director of the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research group for 12 years, and has authored over 200 international research papers, 100 chapters, and has edited five books. Philip Hughes is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. He obtained his first degree in geography at the University of Exeter graduating in 1999. This was followed by a Masters in Quaternary Science, then a PhD in Geography (2004), both at the University of Cambridge (Darwin College). His PhD was on the glacial history of the Pindus Mountains, Greece. This was then followed by a postdoctoral research project examining the glacial history of Montenegro at the University of Manchester (2004-2006). He has since worked on glaciation across the Mediterranean mountains in Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Spain and with recent research activities focusing on the Atlas Mountains, Morocco. His research has utilised U-series dating and cosmogenic nuclides to date moraines in a variety of different lithologies, from limestones to basalts. In addition to studies of Mediterranean mountain glaciations he has also published on global glaciations and stratigraphy in Quaternary science. In addition to several edited scientific volumes on glaciation, in 2016 he published the textbook The Ice Age with co-authors Jürgen Ehlers and Philip Gibbard. In 2011 Philip also edited with these co-authors the highly successful Elsevier volume Quaternary Glaciation: Extent and Chronology – A Closer Look. Philip Hughes is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. José M. García-Ruiz is Ad Honorem Research Professor of the National Research Council of Spain (CSIC) at the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology. He was the Head of the University College of La Rioja (1982-1984), the head of the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (1988-1990) and President of the Spanish Society of Geomorphology (1994-1996). His main focuses of interest have been related with the interactions between land use changes and their consequences on soil erosion, connectivity between hillslopes and fluvial channels, and fluvial dynamics. The evolution of mountain landscapes since mid-Holocene has been also a main focus of research, in relation with deforestation caused by paleolithic shepherds and Middle Ages transhumant herds, including the recent afforestation caused by land abandonment and the decline of transhumance systems. In parallel, he has published a high number of studies on glacial evolution in northern Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the Pyrenees. Nuria de Andrés is Professor of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). Her PhD was on the application of GIS to the study of hazards in tropical high volcanoes (Mexico and Peru). She has participated in 22 research projects funded in public calls and she is currently leading a research project on the reconstruction of neoglacial oscillations in Iceland. She has published nearly a hundred research papers on the dynamics of deglaciation in mountains and its impact on geodiversity. Her research work focuses on the study of glacier and periglacial geomorphology in mountain areas through the application of different dating techniques and GIS. In addition to the Iberian mountains, she has conducted research in other mountain regions (northern Iceland, Western United States, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Peruvian Andes), which has given her a broad understanding of land surface processes in cold climate environments. She heads the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research group.

Part I Introduction 1. Introduction 2. The Quaternary ice ages 3. Previous synthesis of European Glacial Landscapes

PART II The distribution of glacial landscapes in Europe Section 1 European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 4. The European Ice Sheet Complex 5. Glacial landscapes of Fennoscandia 6. Glacial landscapes of Northern Central Europe 7. Glacial landscapes of European Russia 8. The Eurasian Arctic 9. The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian continental margin 10. Glacial landscapes of Britain and Ireland Section 2 European regions that not were covered by the EISC 11. Glacial landscapes of the Ural Mountains 12. Glacial landscapes of Iceland 13. Glacial landscapes of the Tatra Mountains 14. Glacial landscapes of the Romanian Carpathians 15. Glacial landscapes of the Alps 16. Glacial landscape of the Pyrenees 17. The Iberian Peninsula (except for the Pyrenees) 18. The Italian Peninsula 19. Glacial landscapes of the Balkans 20. The Anatolian Peninsula

PART III Climate changes during the Last Glacial Cycle in the eastern North Atlantic region Section 1 The Last Glacial Cycle 21. An overview of the Last Glacial Cycle 22. Ice volume and sea-level changes during Last Glacial Cycle: Evidence from marine records 23. Definition of the Last Glacial Cycle marine stages and chronology 24. Abrupt climatic variability: Dansgaard_Oeschger events 25. Abrupt (or millennial or suborbital) climatic variability: Heinrich events/stadials 26. The Global Last Glacial Maximum: the Eastern North Atlantic (marine sediments) and the Greenland Ice Sheet climatic signal

PART IV European glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (Before 29 ka) 27. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum Section 1 European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 28. The EISC evolution prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 29. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 30. Northern Central Europe: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 31. European Russia: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 32. The Eurasian Arctic: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (before 29 ka) 33. The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian Continental Margin: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 34. Britain and Ireland: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum Section 2 European regions that not were covered by the EISC 35. The Ural Mountains: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 36. Iceland: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 37. The Tatra Mountains: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 38. The Romanian Carpathians: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 39. The Alps: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 40. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 41. The Iberian Mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 42. The Italian mountains: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 43. The Balkans: glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 44. The Anatolian mountains: Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial Maximum Section 3 Synthesis of Part II 45. The European glacial landscapes prior to the Last Glacial Maximumsynthesis

PART V The European glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum (29_19 ka) 46. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum Section 1 European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 47. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the Last Glacial Maximum (29_19 ka) 48. Fennoscandia: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 49. Northern Central Europe: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 50. European Russia: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 51. The Eurasian Arctic: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 52. The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian continental margin: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 53. Britain and Ireland: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum Section 2 European regions that were not covered by the EISC 54. The Ural Mountains: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 55. Iceland: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 56. The Tatra Mountains: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 57. The Romanian Carpathians: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum (29_19 ka) 58. The Alps: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 59. The Pyrenees: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 60. The Iberian Mountains: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 61. The Italian mountains: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 62. The Balkans: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum 63. The Anatolian Mountains: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum Section 3 Synthesis of Part IV 64. The European glacial landscapes from the Last Glacial Maximum-Synthesis

PART VI Synthesis of the European Landscapes from maximum glacial extension 65. The importance of European glacial landscapes in a context of great climatic variability